Method of generating energy from a hydrazide containing anode fuel, and fuel cell
The present disclosure relates to a method of generating energy. This method involves providing a fuel cell comprising anode and cathode electrodes; a separator positioned between the anode and cathode electrodes; and anode and cathode catalysts. The anode catalyst comprises (i) a low-loading of platinum group metals (PGMs) supported on a Group 4-6 transition metal carbide (TMC) or nitride (TMN); (ii) an alloy or physical mixture comprising a Group 10 transition metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Ni and one or more of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Sn, W, Mo, Ta, and Nb; or (iii) mixtures thereof. According to the method, a liquid anode fuel comprising one or more hydrazide compounds is added to the fuel cell to generate energy from the liquid anode fuel. Also disclosed is a fuel cell for generating energy from a liquid anode fuel comprising one or more hydrazide compounds.
1. A method of generating energy, said method comprising:
providing a fuel cell comprising:
anode and cathode electrodes;
a separator positioned between the anode and cathode electrodes; and
anode and cathode catalysts, wherein the anode catalyst comprises (i) a low-loading of platinum group metals (PGMs) supported on a Group 4-6 transition metal carbide (TMC) or nitride (TMN); (ii) an alloy or physical mixture comprising a Group 10 transition metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Ni and one or more of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Sn, W, Mo, Ta, and Nb; or (iii) mixtures thereof; and
adding to the fuel cell a liquid anode fuel to generate energy from the liquid anode fuel, wherein the liquid anode fuel comprises one or more hydrazide compounds.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode fuel is preheated to 60-80° C. before said adding.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the separator is an anion exchange membrane.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a low-loading of platinum group metals (PGMs) supported on a Group 4-6 transition metal carbide (TMC) or nitride (TMN).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises an alloy or physical mixture comprising a Group 10 transition metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Ni and one or more of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Sn, W, Mo, Ta, and Nb.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a mixture of (i) a low-loading of platinum group metals (PGMs) supported on a Group 4-6 transition metal carbide (TMC) or nitride (TMN) and (ii) an alloy or physical mixture comprising a Group 10 transition metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Ni and one or more of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Sn, W, Mo, Ta, and Nb.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a metal loading of less than about 5 mg/cm 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a first layer proximate the separator and a second layer proximate the liquid anode fuel added to the fuel cell.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the first layer comprises Pt.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the first layer comprises a Pt loading of about 0.1 to 2.0 mg/cm 2 .
11. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the second layer comprises PtRu.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the second layer comprises a PtRu metal loading of about 0.1 to 3.0 mg/cm 2 .
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode catalyst is selected from a low-loading metal, a metal-free catalyst, doped carbon material, noble metal, non-noble metal, or mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the cathode catalyst comprises Pt/C, Pd/C, Ag/C, or Fe-N/C.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode fuel is selected from formic hydrazide, carbohydrazide, 1,2-diformylhydrazine, acethydrazide, methyl hydrazinocarboxylate, oxalyldihydrazide, cyanoacetohydrazide, propanoic acid hydrazide, 1,2-diacetylhydrazine, succinic dihydrazide, ethyl 3-hydrazino-3-oxopropionate, adipic acid dihydrazide, 3-bromobenzoic hydrazide, 4-bromobenzoic hydrazide, 2-chlorobenzoic hydrazide, 4-chlorobenzhydrazide, 2-fluorobenzoic hydrazide, 3-fluorobenzoic hydrazide, 4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide, 4-nitrobenzoic hydrazide, benzhydrazide, 3-hydroxybenzoic hydrazide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide, 2-aminobenzhydrazide, 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide, 3,4-diaminobenzhydrazide, 3-nitrophthalhydrazide, N-aminophthalimide, phthalhydrazide, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrazide, 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide, 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzhydrazide, p-toluic hydrazide, phenylacetic hydrazide, 4-methoxybenzhydrazide, m-anisic hydrazide, octanoic hydrazide, 4-methoxybenzyl carbazate, di-tert-butyl hydrazodiformate, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic hydrazide, 4-tert-butylbenzoic hydrazide, 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, and mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode fuel comprises formic hydrazide or carbohydrazide.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 80° C. at the time of said adding.
18. A fuel cell comprising:
an anode electrode;
a cathode electrode;
an anion exchange membrane positioned between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode;
an anode catalyst, wherein the anode catalyst comprises (i) a low-loading of platinum group metals (PGMs) supported on a Group 4-6 transition metal carbide (TMC); (ii) carbon black and an alloy or physical mixture comprising a Group 10 transition metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Ni and one or more of the following elements: Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Sn, W, Mo, Ta, and Nb; or (iii) mixtures thereof; and
a cathode catalyst.
19. The fuel cell of claim 18 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a metal loading of less than about 5 mg/cm 2 .
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode catalyst comprises a first layer proximate the separator and a second layer proximate the liquid anode fuel added to the fuel cell, wherein the first layer comprises Pt comprising a metal loading of less than about 5 mg/cm 1 and the second layer comprises a PtRu metal loading of about 0.1 to 3.0 mg/cm 2 .