Perfusion filtration system

1. A perfusion filtration module for filtering a feed fluid, comprising:

a. a plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes, each having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the hollow fiber filter membranes are potted, thus forming a first potted end, to enable filtrate flow from the hollow fiber filter membranes, and wherein the second ends of the hollow fiber filter membranes are, either,

i. potted, thus forming a second potted end, to enable fluid flow from the hollow fiber filter membranes; or, alternatively,

ii. mounted, thus forming a mounted end, so that the hollow fiber filter membranes are sealed to prevent filtrate flow;

b. a constraint that allows the hollow fiber filter membranes to be held in a splayed configuration, wherein the

i. first potted end and second potted end, or, alternatively,

ii. the first potted end and mounted end,

comprise first and second surfaces, respectively, from which the fiber filter membranes emerge,

wherein the first surface has a first shape and the second surface has a second shape that is the same as or different from the first shape, and each of the first and second shapes is either conical or semispherical,

wherein the splayed configuration is a configuration in which the hollow fiber filter membranes spread out from one another as they extend away from the first potted end and the second potted, or mounted, end to increase an interstitial distance between adjacent ones of the plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes across a width of the perfusion filtration module between the first potted end and the second potted, or mounted, end,

wherein the splayed configuration has a degree of splay and the degree of splay is between 2 and 7, and

wherein the perfusion filtration module comprises a housing, and the potted first ends and the second potted, or mounted, ends of the plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes are fixed relative to the housing.

2. The perfusion filtration module of claim 1 , further comprising a protective enclosure that encloses the perfusion filtration module.

3. The perfusion filtration module of claim 2 , wherein the protective enclosure is metal or plastic, comprising woven or non-woven fabrics, plastics, or metals.

4. The perfusion filtration module of claim 1 , wherein the first and second shapes have a convex shape.

5. The perfusion filtration module of claim 4 , wherein when in use, the first ends of the hollow fiber membranes and the second ends of the hollow fiber membranes are mounted or potted so as to emerge from the first and second surfaces, respectively, at angles approximately normal to the first and second surfaces.

6. The perfusion filtration module of claim 1 , wherein when in use, the first ends of the hollow fiber membranes and the second ends of the hollow fiber membranes are mounted or potted so as to emerge from the first and second surfaces, respectively, at angles approximately normal to the first and second surfaces.

7. The perfusion filtration module of claim 1 , further comprising:

a housing comprising at least one inlet port for admitting feed fluid so as to come into contact with an upstream side of the fiber filter membranes;

a manifold in fluidic contact with an inside of the fiber filter membranes such that the manifold receives or feeds fluid from or into the inside of the fiber filter membranes; and

at least one exit port in fluidic contact with the manifold.

8. The perfusion filtration module of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure control valve that regulates a pressure to maintain a shear rate below 2300 sec −1 .

9. A membrane bioreactor system comprising:

a bioreactor; and

a perfusion filtration module positioned within the bioreactor, the perfusion filtration module comprising:

a. a plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes, each having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the hollow fiber filter membranes are potted, thus forming a first potted end, to enable filtrate flow from the hollow fiber filter membranes, and wherein the second ends of the hollow fiber filter membranes are, either,

i. potted, thus forming a second potted end, to enable fluid flow from the hollow fiber filter membranes; or, alternatively,

ii. mounted, thus forming a mounted end, so that the hollow fiber filter membranes are sealed to prevent filtrate flow;

b. a constraint that allows the hollow fiber filter membranes to be held in a splayed configuration, wherein the

i. first potted end and second potted end, or, alternatively,

ii. the first potted end and mounted end,

comprise first and second surfaces, respectively, from which the fiber filter membranes emerge,

wherein the first surface has a first shape and the second surface has a second shape that is the same as or different from the first shape, and each of the first and second shapes is either conical or semispherical,

wherein the splayed configuration is a configuration in which the hollow fiber filter membranes spread out from one another as they extend away from the first potted end and the second potted, or mounted, end to increase an interstitial distance between adjacent ones of the plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes across a width of the perfusion filtration module between the first potted end and the second potted, or mounted, end,

wherein the splayed configuration has a degree of splay and the degree of splay is between 2 and 7, and

wherein the perfusion filtration module comprises a housing, and the potted first ends and the second potted, or mounted, ends of the plurality of hollow fiber filter membranes are fixed relative to the housing.

10. The membrane bioreactor system of claim 9 , further comprising an agitation system.

11. The membrane bioreactor system of claim 10 , wherein the agitation system comprises a stirring system.

12. The membrane bioreactor system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a collection vessel configured to collect a permeate extracted from the bioreactor by the perfusion filtration module.