Synthetically modified thermoplastic polymer composites having cellulose nanomaterials
A method of manufacturing a polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal composite material begins with an aqueous cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension mixture. The aqueous CNC suspension mixture is dried to remove the liquid solvent from the aqueous CNC suspension mixture to form a dry CNC powder. Diethylenetriamine (DETA) is combined with melted Maleated-anhydride Polypropylene (MAPP) to form a DETA-functionalized MAPP (MA) mixture. The MA mixture is cooled and pelletized to form MA pellets. The MA pellets, the dry CNC powder, and a neat polypropylene (PP) are combined to form a CNC-PP mixture. The CNC-PP mixture is compounded by melting, subsequently cooled and pelletized to form CNC-PP pellets.
1. A polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal, the polymer coated
cellulose nanocrystal includes:
a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) having a negative charge on a surface of the CNC, and wherein the CNC is crystalline; and
an amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene disposed on the surface of the cellulose nanocrystal, wherein the amine includes NH 2 groups and is selected from one of the following: triethylenetetramine and diethylenetriamine, the maleated-anhydride include maleic-acid (MAH), and the amine and maleated-anhydride polypropylene are combined at a weight percent ratio of MAH:NH 2 of between 2:1 to 1:3.
2. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein a weight percent ratio of cellulose nanocrystal:amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene is from about 1:2 to about 1:19.
3. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , and wherein a weight percent ratio of cellulose nanocrystal:amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene is from about 1:5 to about 1:10.
4. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal exhibits a width in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm and a length in the range of 100 nm to 300 nm.
5. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal includes residual sulfate esters.
6. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the amine is diethylenetriamine.
7. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the amine is triethylenetetramine.
8. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the amine and maleated-anhydride polypropylene are combined at a weight percent ratio of MAH:NH 2 of 1:3.
9. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal including the amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride (MAH) polypropylene disposed on the surface of the cellulose nanocrystal is in the form of a pellet.
10. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal has a density of 1.6 g/cm 3 .
11. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , and wherein the cellulose nanocrystal is thermally stable in a nitrogen environment up to 250° C.
12. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal is thermally stable in an atmospheric environment up to 230° C.
13. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal has a negative surface charge of −45±1.8 mV.
14. A polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal, the polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal includes:
a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) having a negative charge on a surface of the CNC, and wherein the CNC is crystalline and has a density of 1.6 g/cm 3 ; and
an amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene disposed on the surface of the cellulose nanocrystal, wherein the amine includes NH 2 groups, the maleated-anhydride include maleic-acid (MAH), and the amine and maleated-anhydride polypropylene are combined at a weight percent ratio of MAH:NH 2 of between 2:1 to 1:3.
15. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 14 , wherein a weight percent ratio of cellulose nanocrystal:amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene is from about 1:2 to about 1:19.
16. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 14 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal exhibits a width in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm and a length in the range of 100 nm to 300 nm.
17. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 14 , wherein the cellulose nanocrystal includes residual sulfate esters.
18. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 14 , wherein the amine is diethylenetriamine.
19. The polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal of claim 14 , wherein the amine is triethylenetetramine.
20. A polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal, the polymer coated cellulose nanocrystal includes:
a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has a negative surface charge of −45±1.8 mV, and wherein the CNC is crystalline; and
an amine-functionalized maleated-anhydride polypropylene disposed on the surface of the cellulose nanocrystal, wherein the amine includes NH 2 groups, the maleated-anhydride include maleic-acid (MAH), and the amine and maleated-anhydride polypropylene are combined at a weight percent ratio of MAH:NH 2 of between 2:1 to 1:3.