Systems and methods for multi-source true random number generators, including multi-source entropy extractor based quantum photonic true random number generators

1. A system for a quantum photonic true random number generator, comprising:

a photon source adapted to generate a signal photon and an idler photon;

a trigger single photon avalanche diode (SPAD-T) adapted to detect the idler photon and generate a trigger output when the idler photon is detected;

a quantum logic gate adapted to receive the signal photon and generate a superposition of the signal photon on a first output of the quantum logic gate and a second output of the quantum logic gate;

a first SPAD (SPAD- 0 ) coupled to the first output of the quantum logic gate and adapted to detect the signal photon and generate an output of SPAD- 0 when the signal photon is detected at the first output of the quantum logic gate;

a second SPAD (SPAD- 1 ) coupled to the second output of the quantum logic gate and adapted to detect the signal photon and generate an output of SPAD- 1 when the signal photon is detected at the second output of the quantum logic gate;

logic coupled to the trigger output, the output of SPAD- 0 and the output of SPAD- 1 , the logic including:

a first extractor adapted to extract a set of first random values based on the trigger output, wherein the extractor is a multi-radix extractor;

a second extractor adapted to extract a set of second random values based on the output of SPAD- 0 and the output of SPAD- 1 ; and

a composite extractor adapted to extract a third set of random values by compositing the set of first random values and the set of second random values and provide the third set of random values as the output of the quantum photonic true random number generator.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the quantum logic gate is a Hadamard gate.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the second extractor is a binary radix extractor.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the second extractor is a von Neumann extractor.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the quantum logic gate is a higher-radix quantum logic gate, generating a superposition of the signal photon on the first output, the second output, a third output or a fourth output of the quantum logic gate, and the system comprises a third SPAD (SPAD- 2 ) coupled to the third output of the quantum logic gate and adapted to detect the signal photon and generate an output of SPAD- 2 when the signal photon is detected and a fourth SPAD (SPAD- 3 ) coupled to the fourth output of the quantum logic gate, and adapted to detect the signal photon and generate an output of SPAD- 3 when the signal photon is detected, and wherein the logic is coupled to the output of SPAD- 2 and the output of SPAD- 3 and the second extractor generates the set of second random values based on the output of SPAD- 2 and SPAD- 3 .

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the second extractor is a multi-radix extractor.

7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising spurious count error-rejection logic adapted to reject a spurious detector count from any of the SPAD outputs based on the output of SPAD- 0 and SPAD- 1 .

8. A method for generating a true random number, comprising:

generate a signal photon and an idler photon at a photon source;

detecting the idler photon and generating a trigger output when the idler photon is detected;

receiving the signal photon and generating a superposition of the signal photon on a first output and a second output of a quantum function;

when the signal photon is detected on one of the first output, generating a first detector output;

when the signal photon is detected on the second output, generating a second detector output;

extracting a set of first random values based on the trigger output using a multi-radix extractor;

extracting a set of second random values based on the first detector output and the second detector output;

extracting a third set of random values by compositing the set of first random values and the set of second random values; and

providing the third set of random values as a true random number.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the signal photon is placed into superposition with non-equal probabilities on the first output and the second output by of the quantum function.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the set of second random values are extracted by a binary radix extractor.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the binary extractor is a von Neumann extractor.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the signal photon is detected on the first output, the second output, a third output or a fourth output by of the quantum function and the method further comprises:

when the signal photon is detected on the third output, generating a third detector output;

when the signal photon is detected on the fourth output, generating a fourth detector output, wherein the set of second random values is based on the third detector output and the fourth detector output.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the set of second random values are extracted by a multi-radix extractor.

14. The method of claim 8 , further comprising rejecting a spurious detector count from any of the detector outputs based on the first detector output and the second detector output.