Defect-resistant plastic scintillation radiation detector compositions and fabrication methods
Scintillating plastics resistant to crazing and fogging, methods of making and using the same are disclosed. The scintillating plastics include: one or more primary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %; one or more secondary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %; and one or more fluors present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %. Methods of making such plastics include: creating a homogenous mixture of precursor materials including primary polymer, secondary polymer, and fluor in the amounts set forth above; and polymerizing the homogenous mixture. Methods of using such plastics include: exposing the scintillating plastic to one or more extreme environmental conditions for a predetermined amount of time without generating crazing or fogging within the scintillating plastic. Various additional features and specific embodiments of these inventive concepts are also disclosed.
1. A scintillating plastic resistant to crazing and fogging, the scintillating plastic comprising:
one or more primary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %;
one or more secondary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %; and
one or more fluors present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %; and
wherein the one or more primary polymers are independently selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl toluene, polystyrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, aromatic polymers, phenyl-containing polymers, and combinations thereof; and
wherein the one or more secondary polymers are independently selected from the group consisting of: oxygen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, nitrogen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, aromatic polymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), acrylic acid, derivatives of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, derivatives of methacrylic acid, oxygen-bearing allyl analogs, ethylene diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof.
2. The scintillating plastic as recited in claim 1 , wherein the scintillating plastic is structurally characterized by a substantial absence of surface defects causing crazing and/or bulk defects causing fogging following exposure of the scintillating plastic, for a predetermined amount of time, to either or both of: extreme humidity and freezing temperature.
3. The scintillating plastic as recited in claim 1 , wherein either or both of the one or more primary polymers and the one or more secondary polymers are aromatic.
4. The scintillating plastic as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more fluors comprise a primary fluor, and wherein the primary fluor consists of PPO present in an amount ranging from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %.
5. The scintillating plastic as recited in claim 1 , wherein the one or more fluors comprise at least one secondary fluor selected from the group consisting of: para-terphenyl, 2-(4-Biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene (Bis-MSB), 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl) benzene (POPOP), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), and combinations thereof.
6. A method of forming a scintillating plastic resistant to crazing and fogging, the method comprising:
creating a homogenous mixture of precursor materials, the precursor materials comprising:
one or more primary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 40 wt % to about 99 wt %;
one or more secondary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %; and
one or more fluors present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %; and
polymerizing the homogenous mixture; and
wherein the one or more primary polymers are independently selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl toluene, polystyrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, aromatic polymers, phenyl-containing polymers, and combinations thereof and
wherein the one or more secondary polymers are independently selected from the group consisting of: oxygen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, nitrogen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, aromatic polymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), acrylic acid, derivatives of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, derivatives of methacrylic acid, oxygen-bearing allyl analogs, ethylene diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 , the precursor materials further comprising a polymerization initiator present in an amount from about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %.
8. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the polymerizing comprises:
incubating the homogenous mixture at a temperature of approximately 60° C. for a period of approximately 1 day;
incubating the homogenous mixture at a temperature of approximately 65° C. for a period of approximately 1 day; and
incubating the homogenous mixture at a temperature of approximately 70° C. for a period of approximately 4 days.
9. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein creating the homogenous mixture is performed under an oxygen-free atmosphere.
10. The method as recited in claim 9 , wherein the oxygen-free atmosphere comprises either: an atmosphere of molecular nitrogen; an atmosphere of argon; an atmosphere of molecular nitrogen and argon; or a vacuum.
11. A method, comprising:
exposing a scintillating plastic to one or more extreme environmental conditions for a predetermined amount of time without generating crazing within the scintillating plastic.
12. The method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the extreme environmental conditions are selected from the group consisting of: humidity in an amount of about 70% or more, a temperature of about 0° C. or less, and a temperature swing in a range from about 25° C. to about 55° C.
13. The method as recited in claim 12 , wherein the extreme environmental conditions comprise the humidity; and
wherein the predetermined amount of time is at least 24 hours.
14. The method as recited in claim 12 , wherein the extreme environmental conditions comprise the temperature swing and the humidity; and
wherein the predetermined amount of time is at least 2 hours.
15. The method as recited in claim 11 , comprising using the scintillating plastic to detect radiation from a radiation source prior to and after exposing the scintillating plastic to the one or more extreme environmental conditions, wherein an initial detection efficiency of the scintillating plastic is unchanged after exposing the scintillating plastic to the one or more extreme environmental conditions.
16. The method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the scintillating plastic also exhibits substantially no fogging after exposure to the extreme environmental conditions for the predetermined amount of time.
17. The method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the scintillating plastic comprises:
one or more primary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 40 wt % to about 95 wt %, wherein the one or more primary polymers are selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl toluene, poly-styrene, α-methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, aromatic polymers, phenyl-containing polymers, and combinations thereof;
one or more secondary polymers present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %, wherein the one or more secondary polymers are selected from the group consisting of: oxygen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, nitrogen-containing polymers which form hydrogen bonds with water present in the scintillating plastic, aromatic polymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), acrylic acid, derivatives of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, derivatives of methacrylic acid, oxygen-bearing allyl analogs, ethylene diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, derivatives of ethylene glycol diacrylate, and combinations thereof; and
one or more fluors present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %.
18. The method as recited in claim 17 , wherein the one or more secondary polymers comprise a cross-linker.
19. The method as recited in claim 17 , wherein either or both of the one or more primary polymers and the one or more secondary polymers are aromatic.