Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage

1. An electrochemical device comprising a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte solution, where the electrolyte solution comprises a lithium salt, a polar aprotic solvent, and from 0.005 M to 2 M of a compound that is:

or a mixture of any two or more thereof,

wherein:

each E is independently —OH or —O—Li + , —O—Na + , —O—K + , or —O—NH 4 + ;

R 10 is H, Cl, NO 2 , or OCH 3 ;

R 11 is H, Cl, or NH 2 ;

R 12 is absent or CH 2 ;

each n is 0, 1, or 2; and

each q is from 0 to 20, inclusive; and

the polar aprotic solvent selected from an organic carbonate, a fluorinated carbonate, an ether, a fluorinated ether, a glyme, an organic sulfate, an ester, a cyclic ester, a fluorinated ester, a nitrile, an amide, a dinitrile, a fluorinated amide, a carbamate, a fluorinated carbamate, a cyanoester, or a mixture of any two or more thereof.

2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 further comprising a separator between the anode and the cathode.

3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt comprises a lithium alkyl fluorophosphate; a lithium alkyl fluoroborate; lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole; lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-methylimidazole; trilithium 2,2′,2″-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzotris(imidazolate); LiN(CN) 2 ; Li(CF 3 CO 2 ); Li(C 2 F 5 CO 2 ); LiCF 3 SO 3 ; LiCH 3 SO 3 ; LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ; LiN(SO 2 F) 2 ; LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 ; LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 ; LiClO 4 ; LiBF 4 ; LiAsF 6 ; LiPF 6 ; LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 ); LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ; LiPF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ; LiPF 4 (C 2 O 4 ); LiAsF 6 ; CsF; CsPF 6 ; LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ; LiN(SO 2 F) 2 ; Li 2 (B 12 X 12-p H p ); Li 2 (B 10 X 10-p ′H p ′); or a mixture of any two or more thereof, wherein X is independently at each occurrence a halogen, p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12, and p′ is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

4. The electrochemical device of claim 3 , wherein the lithium salt comprises LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , or LiN(SO 2 F) 2 .

5. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein E is —OH, —OLi, —ONa, or —OK.