Desulfurization and sulfur tolerant hydrogenation processes of hydrocarbon feedstocks
The present invention relates to the use of adsorbents comprising zinc oxide nanowires decorated with catalytically active metal particles for the removal of sulfur from hydrocarbon feedstocks, including the desulfurization of diesel fuels and the deep desulfurization of natural gas, and to the use of decorated zinc oxide nanowire adsorbents for the hydrogenation of naphthalene selectively to tetralin in the presence of sulfur compounds. The adsorbent comprises nickel metal particles or nickel-zinc alloy particles deposited on zinc oxide nanowires.
1. A method for the treatment of a liquid sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock, the method comprising:
a. providing an adsorbent comprising a zinc oxide nanowire decorated with a decorating metal selected from nickel, nickel-zinc alloy, cobalt, molybdenum, platinum, copper, nickel-copper alloy, and combinations thereof;
b. packing a reactor bed with the adsorbent;
c. pretreating the decorating metal of the adsorbent by heating the adsorbent in a reactor while flowing nitrogen gas (N 2 ) over the adsorbent for a predetermined time;
d. after pretreating the decorating metal, reducing the decorated metal of the adsorbent by starting a flow of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) over the adsorbent as the reactor temperature is raised to a predetermined temperature and then holding the adsorbent at the predetermined temperature with a H 2 gas flow for a predetermined time period;
e. after reducing the decorating metal, cooling the reactor to a desulfurization temperature between 220° C. and 425° C. and stopping the hydrogen gas flow when the desired desulfurization temperature is reached;
f. passing the liquid sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock through the adsorbent without adding external hydrogen and allowing the adsorbent to remove sulfur-containing compounds from the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock; and,
g. collecting the treated liquid hydrocarbon feedstock.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur-containing compounds are selected from thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, methyl dibenzothiophene, dimethyl-dibenzothiophene, H 2 S, COS, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan and t butyl mercaptan, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent has a decorating metal loading of from 3 wt % to 20 wt %.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal oxide nanowire concentration is from about 55 wt % to about 88 wt %.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein at step (c) the reactor is heated to 150° C. for 2 hours with the nitrogen flow.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein at step (d) the reactor is heated to between 400° C. and 430° C.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent further comprises a binder selected from the group consisting of alumina, bentonite clay and combinations thereof, and wherein the binder comprises up to 30 wt % of the adsorbent composition.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent absorbs at least 150 milligrams sulfur species per gram adsorbent.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock is selected from waste lube oil, transmix fuels, diesel fuel, gasoline, natural gas, light cycle oil, jet fuel, naphtha, kerosene, and combinations thereof, and at step (f) the feedstock passes through the adsorbent at a pressure of from atmospheric pressure to 30 bar, and at a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5 h −1 to 4 h −1 .
10. The method of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon feedstock comprises thiophenic sulfur species selected from thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, methyl dibenzothiophene, dimethyldibenzothiophene, and combinations thereof, and the thiophenic sulfur species have a concentration of from 500 ppm to 1500 ppm.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock is natural gas and at step (f) the feedstock passes through the adsorbent at a temperature of 310° C. -350° C. and at a pressure of from atmospheric pressure to 34+/−2 bar.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the adsorbent removes sulfur-containing compounds from the hydrocarbon feedstock, and wherein the sulfur-containing compounds are selected from thiophene, H 2 S, COS, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan and t butyl mercaptan, and combinations thereof from the feedstock to deliver a sulfur level of less than 100 ppb.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock is a sulfur-containing naphthalene feedstream, and at step (f) the feedstock passes through the adsorbent at a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5 h −1 to 2 h −1 .