Surface-functionalized silicon anode for high energy lithium ion batteries
A composition includes a silicon nanoparticle having surface-attached groups, and the silicon nanoparticle is represented by the formula: [Si]-[linker]-[terminal group]. In the formula [Si] represents the surface of the silicon nanoparticle; [terminal group] is a moiety that is configured for further reaction or is compatible with the electrolyte; and [linker] is a group linking the surface of the silicon nanoparticle to the [terminal group].
1. A composition comprising a silicon nanoparticle having surface-attached groups, and the silicon nanoparticle is represented by the formula:
wherein:
[Si]′ represents [Si] or a group of formula:
[Si] represents the surface of the silicon nanoparticle;
E is epoxy or ethylene carbonate;
X is CN, F, Cl, Br, or I;
each x is individually 1 to 10;
each R 5 is individually alkyl or —Oalkyl; and
each R 6 is individually alkyl.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the silicon nanoparticle is represented as:
wherein: each x is individually 1-10 and q is 0 or 1.
3. An anode for a secondary lithium or sodium ion battery, the anode comprising the composition of claim 1 and a current collector.
4. A secondary electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an electrolyte, and the anode of claim 3 .