Metal sulfide filled carbon nanotubes and synthesis methods thereof

1. A method of synthesizing filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the method comprising:

providing a substrate in a reaction chamber;

disposing a catalyst comprising a metal on the substrate;

providing a sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber; and

performing a chemical vapor deposition technique to simultaneously grow CNTs and fill the CNTs with a metal sulfide comprising the metal, thereby synthesizing the filled CNTs filled with the metal sulfide,

the CNTs having an average filling ratio of the metal sulfide of at least 0.90.

2. The method according to claim 1 , the metal being nickel, cobalt, or iron.

3. The method according to claim 1 , the metal being nickel and the metal sulfide being Ni 3 S 2 .

4. The method according to claim 1 , the sulfur-containing organic compound being thiophene or dimethyl sulfide.

5. The method according to claim 1 , the providing of the sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber comprising:

providing a supply of the sulfur-containing organic compound outside the reaction chamber; and

sending a gas through the supply of the sulfur-containing organic compound and into the reaction chamber such that the sulfur-containing organic compound is bubbled into the reaction chamber with the gas.

6. The method according to claim 1 , the catalyst being a salt of the metal, and the method further comprising:

before providing the sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber, heating the reaction chamber to a first predetermined temperature for a first predetermined amount of time to oxidize the catalyst;

after oxidizing the catalyst, flowing an inert gas through the reaction chamber and passing hydrogen gas through the reaction chamber to reduce the catalyst; and

after reducing the catalyst, stopping the flowing of the hydrogen gas through the reaction chamber while continuing to flow the inert gas through the reaction chamber while heating the reaction chamber to a second predetermined temperature.

7. The method according to claim 6 , the disposing of the catalyst on the substrate comprising:

preparing a catalyst solution by mixing a powder of the salt of the metal in a solvent;

providing the catalyst solution to the substrate; and

performing a two-stage spin coating to form a uniform coating of the catalyst on a surface of the substrate.

8. The method according to claim 7 , the catalyst solution having a concentration of the salt of the metal in a range of 0.02 molar (M) to 0.06 M.

9. The method according to claim 7 , further comprising, before disposing the catalyst on the substrate, cleaning the substrate via ultrasonication by performing three successive ultrasonication processes using deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, respectively.

10. The method according to claim 1 , the catalyst being nanoparticles of the metal, and

the method further comprising:

before disposing the catalyst on the substrate, dispersing the nanoparticles in a solvent and putting the solvent in an ultrasonication bath to achieve a uniform suspension of the nanoparticles in the solvent;

dip coating at least a portion of the substrate by immersing the at least a portion of the substrate in a container having the suspension of the nanoparticles in the solvent and gently shaking the container; and

transferring the at least a portion of the substrate to a heating apparatus and heating the at least a portion of the substrate to evaporate the solvent.

11. The method according to claim 10 , the substrate being a foam comprising the metal, and the method further comprising:

before disposing the catalyst on the substrate, cleaning the substrate via ultrasonication using at least one solvent.

12. The method according to claim 11 , the cleaning of the substrate via ultrasonication comprising performing three successive ultrasonication processes using deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, respectively.

13. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:

collecting the filled CNTs via ultrasonication; and

using a magnet to purify the filled CNTs during the collecting, after the collecting, or both.

14. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising, after collecting the filled CNTs, reusing the substrate to synthesize further filled CNTs.

15. A method of synthesizing filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the method comprising:

providing a substrate in a reaction chamber;

disposing a catalyst comprising a metal on the substrate;

providing a sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber;

performing a chemical vapor deposition technique to simultaneously grow multi-walled CNTs and fill the multi-walled CNTs with a metal sulfide comprising the metal, thereby synthesizing the filled CNTs filled with the metal sulfide;

collecting the filled CNTs via ultrasonication; and

using a magnet to purify the filled CNTs during the collecting, after the collecting, or both,

the multi-walled CNTs having an average filling ratio of the metal sulfide of at least 0.99,

the multi-walled CNTs having an average length of at least 10 μm,

the metal being nickel and the metal sulfide being Ni 3 S 2 ,

the providing of the sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber comprising:

providing a supply of the sulfur-containing organic compound outside the reaction chamber; and

sending a gas through the supply of the sulfur-containing organic compound and into the reaction chamber such that the sulfur-containing organic compound is bubbled into the reaction chamber with the gas,

the sulfur-containing organic compound being thiophene,

the method further comprising, before disposing the catalyst on the substrate, cleaning the substrate via ultrasonication using at least one solvent, and

the reaction chamber comprising a tube of a first material with a boat of the first material disposed therein, the boat comprising a surface to which the substrate is provided.

16. The method according to claim 15 , the catalyst being a nickel salt, the method further comprising:

before providing the sulfur-containing organic compound to the reaction chamber, heating the reaction chamber to a first predetermined temperature for a first predetermined amount of time to oxidize the catalyst;

after oxidizing the catalyst, flowing an inert gas through the reaction chamber and passing hydrogen gas through the reaction chamber to reduce the catalyst; and

after reducing the catalyst, stopping the flowing of the hydrogen gas through the reaction chamber while continuing to flow the inert gas through the reaction chamber while heating the reaction chamber to a second predetermined temperature, the disposing of the catalyst on the substrate comprising:

preparing a catalyst solution by mixing a powder of the nickel salt in a solvent;

providing the catalyst solution to the substrate; and

performing a two-stage spin coating to form a uniform coating of the catalyst on a surface of the substrate,

the catalyst solution having a concentration of the nickel salt in a range of 0.02 molar (M) to 0.06 M, and

the cleaning of the substrate via ultrasonication comprising performing three successive ultrasonication processes using deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, respectively.

17. The method according to claim 15 , the catalyst being nickel nanoparticles, the method further comprising:

before disposing the catalyst on the substrate, dispersing the nickel nanoparticles in a solvent and putting the solvent in an ultrasonication bath to achieve a uniform suspension of the nickel nanoparticles in the solvent;

dip coating at least a portion of the substrate by immersing the at least a portion of the substrate in a container having the suspension of the nickel nanoparticles in the solvent and gently shaking the container; and

transferring the at least a portion of the substrate to a heating apparatus and heating the at least a portion of the substrate to evaporate the solvent, the substrate being nickel foam, and

the cleaning of the substrate via ultrasonication comprising performing three successive ultrasonication processes using deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, respectively.