Ultrasonic rivet joining of dissimilar materials
A method for joining dissimilar materials is provided. The method includes a solid-state joining process in which a rivet is plunged into a predrilled hole in a top workpiece. When the rivet contacts the bottom workpiece, ultrasonic vibration by oscillatory motion of a sonotrode, such as horizontal, vertical, or rotational motion, creates frictional heat at the interface between the rivet and the lower workpiece. With the aid of frictional heat and axial compression, metallurgical bonding is achieved at the interface between the rivet and the bottom sheet, while being below the melting temperature of the bottom workpiece. The sonotrode is retracted while the rivet remains.
1. A method comprising:
positioning a first workpiece over a second workpiece, the first workpiece being formed of a material different from that of the second workpiece;
positioning a rivet in a through-hole in the first workpiece, the rivet including a head and a shank, the shank terminating at a flat tip end, the head overlapping a portion of the first workpiece and the shank extending entirely through the through-hole such that the flat tip end of the shank abuts an upward-facing surface of the second workpiece;
applying ultrasonic vibrations to the rivet to form a metallurgical bond at an interface between the flat tip end of the rivet shank and the upward-facing surface of the second workpiece without exceeding a melting temperature of the second workpiece or the shank at the interface and without penetrating the second workpiece;
monitoring a process variable that is indicative of the temperature at the interface and controlling the application of ultrasonic vibrations to the rivet based on the monitored process variable to prevent melting at the interface; and
allowing the metallurgical bond to cool while the first workpiece remains clamped to the second workpiece by the rivet head, the flat tip end of the rivet being integrally joined to the upward-facing surface of the second workpiece via the metallurgical bond.
2. The method of claim 1 further including providing a sonotrode to apply the ultrasonic vibrations to the rivet.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein applying ultrasonic vibrations includes applying ultrasonic vibrations in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the rivet.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein applying ultrasonic vibrations includes applying ultrasonic vibrations in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the rivet.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein applying ultrasonic vibrations imparts rotational vibrations about a longitudinal axis of the rivet.
6. The method of claim 1 further including applying an axial load to the rivet during the application of ultrasonic vibrations to the rivet.
7. The method of claim 1 further including applying an adhesive coating between the first workpiece and the second workpiece, such that the first workpiece does not directly engage the second workpiece to suppress galvanic corrosion therebetween.
8. The method of claim 1 further including applying a coating about the shank of the rivet, the coating including a polymer, an adhesive, or a ceramic to penetrate micro-cracks in an annular facing sidewall of the through-hole in the first workpiece.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the sonotrode includes a socket opening having a textured surface to engage the rivet head during the application of ultrasonic vibrations.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first workpiece includes a carbon fiber reinforced polymer and the second workpiece includes a metallic material.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first workpiece includes a first metallic material and the second workpiece includes a second metallic material different from the first metallic material.