Optical filter having polyimide aerogel substrate and infrared radiation scattering particles
The present invention relates to broadband and tunable infrared (IR)-blocking optical filters for millimeter and sub-millimeter astronomy composed of small diffusely scattered particles embedded in an aerogel substrate. The size of the scattering particles included in the aerogel filters can be tuned to give variable cutoff frequencies. In one embodiment, the aerogel scattering optical filters of the present invention have ultra-low density and index of refraction (typically n<1.15), removing the need for anti-reflection coatings that limit bandwidth and increase filter complexity, and allowing for high transmission across an ultra-broad band from zero frequency to above 1 THz, and as much as 10 THz.
1. An optical filter, the optical filter comprising:
an aerogel substrate; and
a plurality of particles incorporated in said aerogel substrate,
wherein said plurality of particles diffusely scatter infrared radiation above a predetermined tunable cutoff frequency,
wherein said plurality of particles are one of silicon or diamond, and
wherein said aerogel substrate is made from polyimide, said polyimide aerogel substrate includes a plurality of polyimide oligomer backbones, including a plurality of anhydride terminated poly(amic acid) oligomers which are formed in solvent using a molar ratio of dianhydrides to diamines of (n+1) to n, where n is a formulated number of repeat units in said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers, wherein a density of said aerogel substrate is in a range of 90 to 212 mg/cm 3 , wherein a size distribution and a loading density of said plurality of particles are selected to achieve said tunable cutoff frequency, wherein said size distribution of said plurality of particles is as much as 100 μm, wherein said loading density of said plurality of particles in said aerogel substrate range from 3 mg/cm 3 to 200 mg/cm 3 .
2. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein said infrared radiation above said tunable cutoff frequency is one of rejected at greater than 25 dB or has less than 0.3% transmission.
3. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the optical filter is used in any of far-infrared, millimeter and sub-millimeter space instruments, and ground-based and balloon-borne instruments.
4. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein a cross-linker with a plurality of amine groups is used to cross-link each of said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers to form a network structure.
5. The optical filter of claim 4 , wherein said plurality of particles are dispersed in a solution of each of said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers before said cross-linking.
6. The optical filter of claim 5 , wherein said solution of each of said poly(amic acid) oligomers are imidized and a gel film is created, and
wherein said gel film is dried using supercritical fluid extraction.
7. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein a scattering cross-section of said plurality of particles increases as a wavelength of light approaches a size of one of said plurality of particles, s.
8. The optical filter of claim 7 , wherein an index of refraction n of said aerogel substrate with said plurality of particles, is in a range of 1.04 to 1.21.
9. The optical filter of claim 8 , wherein said index of refraction n of said aerogel substrate with said plurality of particles is less than 1.10.
10. The optical filter of claim 9 , wherein reflections at a surface of the optical filter is less than 0.1% such that said surface is devoid of an anti-reflective coating.
11. The optical filter of claim 10 , wherein said tunable cutoff frequency includes a more than 99% transmission across an ultra-broadband frequency ranging from zero to 10 THz.
12. A method of manufacturing an optical filter, the method of manufacturing an optical filter comprising:
providing an aerogel substrate;
incorporating a plurality of particles in said aerogel substrate; and
diffusely scattering infrared radiation above a predetermined tunable cutoff frequency using said plurality of particles, wherein said plurality of particles are one of silicon or diamond and wherein said aerogel substrate is made from polyimide,
providing said polyimide aerogel substrate in a plurality of polyimide oligomer backbones, including forming a plurality of anhydride terminated poly(amic acid) oligomers in a solvent using a molar ratio of dianhydrides to diamines of (n+1) to n, where n is a formulated number of repeat units in said poly(amic acid) oligomers.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the optical filter is used in any of far-infrared, millimeter and sub-millimeter space instruments, and ground-based and balloon-borne instruments.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein one polyimide oligomer formulation of said plurality of said polyimide oligomer backbones was made from 9% w/w polymer concentration, using biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′,-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) as a dianhydride, the combination of 50 mol % 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ) and 50 mol % 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) as a diamine to make random polyimide oligomers, and 3,5-triaminophenoxybenzene (TAB) as a cross-linker; and
wherein another polyimide oligomer formulation of said plurality of polyimide oligomer backbones was made from 10% w/w polymer concentration, using said BPDA as said dianhydride, a combination of 4.4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy) biphenyl (BAPB) and said DMBZ as diamine, and said TAB as said cross-linker.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said cross-linker with a plurality of amine groups is used to cross-link each of said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers to form a network structure.
16. The method of claim 15 , the method further comprising:
dispersing said plurality of particles in a solution of each of said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers before said cross-linking.
17. The method of claim 16 , the method further comprising:
imidizing said solution of each of said plurality of poly(amic acid) oligomers to create a gel; and
drying said gel into a gel film and peeling said gel film from a carrier film using supercritical fluid extraction.
18. The method of claim 17 , the method further comprising:
fabricating said aerogel substrate with said incorporated plurality of particles in rolls up to 45 cm wide.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein a density of said aerogel substrate is in a range of 90 to 212 mg/cm 3 .
20. The method of claim 19 , the method further comprising:
selecting a size distribution and a loading density of said plurality of particles to achieve said tunable cutoff frequency.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein said infrared radiation above said tunable cutoff frequency is one of rejected at greater than 25 dB or has less than 0.3% transmission.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein said size distribution of said plurality of particles is as much as 100 μm.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein said loading density of said plurality of particles in said aerogel substrate range from 3 mg/cm 3 to 200 mg/cm 3 .
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein a scattering cross-section of said plurality of particles increases as a wavelength of light approaches a size of one of said plurality of particles, s.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein an index of refraction n of said aerogel substrate with said plurality of particles, is in a range of 1.04 to 1.21.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein said index of refraction n of said aerogel substrate with said plurality of particles is less than 1.10.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein reflections at a surface of the optical filter is less than 0.1% such that the optical filter is devoid of an anti-reflective coating.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein said tunable cutoff frequency includes a more than 99% transmission across an ultra-broadband frequency in a range from zero to 10 THz.