Compositions, systems, and methods for iron sulfide scale identification, prevention, and reduction
Compositions and methods for prevention and reduction of iron sulfide scale formation, one method including detecting at least one component indicative of an iron sulfide scale precursor, the at least one component selected from the group consisting of: H 2 S; HS − ; S 2− ; S n 2− ; FeS (aq) ; Fe 2+ ; Fe 3+ , and combinations of the same; preparing a composition to react with the iron sulfide scale precursor, the composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a methylating agent; a metal operable to react with sulfide species; a compound to increase the oxidation state of Fe 2+ ; and combinations of the same; and applying the composition to the iron sulfide scale precursor to consume the iron sulfide scale precursor.
1. A method for prevention and reduction of iron sulfide scale formation, the method comprising the steps of:
detecting at least one component indicative of an iron sulfide scale precursor, the at least one component selected from the group consisting of: H 2 S; HS − ; S 2− ; S n {circumflex over ( )}(2−); FeS (aq) ; Fe 2+ ; Fe 3+ ; and combinations of the same, wherein the step of detecting comprises the use of a solid state glass Au-amalgam electrode comprising activated carbon particles;
preparing a composition to react with the iron sulfide scale precursor, the composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a methylating agent; a metal operable to react with sulfide species; a compound to increase the oxidation state of Fe 2+ ; and combinations of the same; and
applying the composition to the iron sulfide scale precursor to consume the iron sulfide scale precursor.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Au-amalgam electrode comprises a gold wire about 100 μm in diameter.
3. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising the use of a Pt counter electrode, and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode with the Au-amalgam electrode.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises the methylating agent, the metal operable to react with sulfide species; and the compound to increase the oxidation state of Fe 2+ .
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the methylating agent comprises methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, the metal comprises zinc, and the compound to increase the oxidation state of Fe 2+ comprises chlorine.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of preparing comprises mixing methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate with copper chloride and zinc acetate.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the molar ratio of methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to zinc acetate is about 1:1 and the molar ratio of methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to copper chloride is about 10:1.
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the step of mixing includes the use of an organic solvent.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the organic solvent comprises ethanol.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein before the step of applying the composition is cooled to below room temperature.
11. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the step of applying voltammetry to verify a decrease of concentration in at least one component selected from the group consisting of: H 2 S; HS − ; S 2− ; S n {circumflex over ( )}(2−); FeS (aq) ; Fe 2+ ; and combinations of the same, or to verify an increase in concentration of Fe 3+ .
12. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the step of applying the composition to reduce the formation of a compound selected from the group consisting of: PbS, ZnS, HgS, and combinations of the same.
13. The method according to claim 1 , where the step of applying the composition to the iron sulfide scale precursor to consume the iron sulfide scale precursor comprises applying the composition in a batch of about 3 barrels to about 5 barrels to a wellbore proximate a hydrocarbon-bearing formation every about 30 to about 45 days.