Anode active material including low-defect turbostratic carbon

1. An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, the electrode material comprising composite particles, each composite particle comprising:

a primary particle comprising an electrochemically active material; and

an envelope disposed on a surface of the primary particle, the envelope comprising turbostratic carbon having a Raman spectrum having:

a D band having a peak intensity (I D ) at wave number between 1330 cm −1 and 1360 cm −1 ;

a G band having a peak intensity (I G ); and

a 2D band having a peak intensity (I 2D ) at wave number between 2650 cm −1 and 2750 cm −1 .

2. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

a ratio of I D /I G ranges from greater than zero to about 1.1; and

a ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from about 0.4 to about 2.

3. The electrode material of claim 2 , wherein:

I G is at a wave number between about 1530 cm −1 and about 1598 cm −1 ;

the ratio of I D /I G ranges from greater than zero to about 0.8; and

the ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from about 0.5 to about 2.

4. The electrode material of claim 3 , wherein:

the ratio of I D /I G ranges from 0.3 to 0.7; and

the ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from 0.8 to 1.2.

5. The electrode material of claim 2 , wherein:

I D is at wave number of about 1340 cm −1 ;

I G is at wave number ranging from 1580 cm −1 to about 1584 cm −1 ; and

I 2D is at a wave number of about 2700 cm −1 .

6. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, Sn, Ge, Sb, TiO 2 , ZnO, SnO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnO, Fe 3 O 4 , NiO, MoO 2 , MoO 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, CeO 2 , RuO 2 , NiO, carbon, a bimetallic material, a multi-metallic material, an oxide material, a sulfide material, and combinations thereof.

7. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material comprises SiO x , wherein x ranges from about 0.1 to about 1.3.

8. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the primary particles comprise at least 50 weight percent of a total weight of the composite particles.

9. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

the composite particles have an average particle size ranging from about 1.0 μm to about 15.0 μm; and

the primary particles comprise have an average particle size ranging from about 50 nm to about 10 μm.

10. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the envelope covers, on average, from about 10% to about 100% of the surface of each primary particle.

11. An electrode comprising:

the electrode material of claim 1 ; and

a binder.

12. The electrode of claim 11 , wherein the binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, and polyimides, polyethylene (UHMW), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA), lithium polyacrylic acid (LiPAA), or mixtures thereof.

13. The electrode of claim 11 , further comprising a conductive additive selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanotubes, an electrically conductive polymer, graphite, a metallic powder, nickel, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, and any combination thereof.

14. A lithium secondary battery comprising:

an anode comprising the electrode of claim 11 ;

a cathode;

a casing housing the anode and cathode; and

an electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode.

15. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the envelope comprises a capsule or shell that encloses the primary particle.

16. The electrode of claim 15 , wherein the turbostratic carbon comprises graphene layers that partially overlap one another on the surface of the primary particle.

17. The electrode of claim 15 , wherein the turbostratic carbon wraps around the primary particle.

18. The electrode of claim 17 , wherein the turbostratic carbon is crumpled such that the envelope comprises a crumpled ball structure having at least one of creases, ripples, folds, wrinkles or ridges.

19. The electrode of claim 18 , wherein the crumpled ball structure has a plurality of the creases, ripples, folds, wrinkles or ridges.

20. The electrode of claim 15 , wherein the turbostratic carbon wraps around the primary particle, and the turbostratic carbon is crumpled such that the envelope comprises a crumpled ball structure having at least one of creases, ripples, folds, wrinkles or ridges.