Apparatus for electrospray emission
An electrospray apparatus including a plurality of emitters, disposed on a substrate, wherein the plurality of emitters can have a narrow parameter distribution.
1. An electrospray apparatus comprising:
a substrate; and
a plurality of emitters, disposed on the substrate, comprising a unimodal pore size distribution, wherein a mean of the pore size distribution is between about 60 and about 250 nm, and wherein a standard deviation of the pore size distribution is at most about 30% of the mean;
wherein the substrate and the plurality of emitters comprise silica.
2. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a side wall of each emitter of the plurality of emitters is concave.
3. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of emitters comprises a stochastic pore distribution.
4. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a surface roughness of an emitter of the plurality of emitters is less than about 10 μm.
5. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a mean height of the emitters of the plurality of emitters is between about 200-750 μm and wherein a standard deviation of a height of the plurality of emitters is at most 20% of the mean height of the emitters.
6. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each emitter of the plurality of emitters comprises an apex, wherein the apex of each emitter comprises at least one line of symmetry.
7. The electrospray apparatus of claim 6 , wherein an apex to apex separation distance between emitters is at most about 500 λm.
8. The electrospray apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of emitters are configured to be wet by an ionic liquid.