Three-dimensional attitude determination system with multi-faceted integrity solution

1. A vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system comprising:

at least two global navigation satellite system (GNSS) antennas configured to receive GNSS signals;

at least one receiver in communication with the at least two GNSS antennas; and

an inertial navigation system configured to compute pitch and roll estimates for the vehicle;

wherein the at least one receiver is configured to resolve integer ambiguities associated with GNSS carrier phase measurements from the received GNSS signals using combinations of the GNSS carrier phase measurements from in-view satellites to determine whether a satellite is providing faulty carrier phase measurements, the at least one receiver further configured to assure integrity of integer ambiguity solutions associated with the GNSS carrier phase measurements, the at least one receiver configured to utilize the integer ambiguities to determine, using the pitch and roll estimates from the inertial navigation system, a three-dimensional attitude of the vehicle taking into consideration determined integrity of integer ambiguity solutions, wherein determining the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions includes:

applying a least-square-error (LSE) solution using differential carrier phase measurements with resolved integer ambiguities between the at least two antennas;

observing measurement residuals after the LSE solution is computed and applying an instantaneous test that compares at least one measurement residual with a user selected instantaneous threshold to instantly eliminate integer ambiguity candidates whose residuals are larger than could occur as a result of measurement error, and applying an interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors, wherein the at least one measurement residual includes an individual residual that is a LSE residual between individual differential carrier phase measurements and the LSE solution using all in-view satellites, wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates further comprises tracking a consecutive number of fails of a threshold test; and

applying a solution separation function using the combinations of the GNSS carrier phase measurements that selectively compares different carrier phase measurement sub-sets solutions with each other.

2. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 1 , wherein determining the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions further comprises:

comparing solutions of at least two of the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions.

3. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 1 , wherein determining the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions further comprises:

declaring a resolved integer ambiguity solution when the interval test does not detect integer ambiguity candidates larger than the interval threshold over a user selected period of time.

4. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one measurement residual further includes at least one of a baseline residual that is a difference between a known and a computed distance between the antennas, a composite residual that is a square root of the sum of squared of an individual LSE residual, and an aiding residual that is a difference between attitude resulting from the LSE solution and an estimated attitude solution provided by a different sensor set.

5. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 1 , wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates further comprises tracking a consecutive number of passes.

6. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one receiver further comprising:

at least one processor configured to resolve the integer ambiguities associated with the GNSS carrier phase measurements from the received GNSS signals; and

at least one memory unit configured to at least in part store operating instructions used by the at least one processor to resolve the integer ambiguities associated with the GNSS carrier phase measurements from the received GNSS signals.

7. A vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system comprising:

a plurality of spaced antennas configured to receive satellite signals; and

at least one processor configured to resolve integer ambiguities associated with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) carrier phase measurements from the received satellite signals using combinations of the GNSS carrier phase measurements from in-view satellites to determine whether a satellite is providing faulty carrier phase measurements;

wherein the at least one processor further configured to determine integrity of integer ambiguity solutions associated with the GNSS carrier phase measurements, the at least one processor configured to utilize the integer ambiguities to determine a three dimensional attitude of the vehicle taking into consideration the determined integrity of integer ambiguity solutions, wherein determining the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions includes:

computing a least-square-error (LSE) solution using differential carrier phase measurements that resolves integer ambiguities between the at least two antennas;

observing measurement residuals after the LSE solution is computed and applying an instantaneous test that compares at least one measurement residual with a user selected instantaneous threshold to instantly eliminate integer ambiguity candidates whose residuals are larger than could occur as a result of measurement error and applying an interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors; and

applying a solution separation function using the combinations of the GNSS carrier phase measurements that computes LSE antenna relative position residuals and compares different carrier phase measurement sub-sets solutions with each other using user selected thresholds;

wherein the LSE antenna relative position residuals used in the solution separation function are computed using combinations of single difference carrier phase measurements that are compared to the thresholds and used to identify faulty carrier phase measurements and assure the integrity of the integer ambiguity solutions.

8. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 7 , further comprising:

at least one memory unit configured to at least in part store operating instructions used by the at least one processor to determine the integrity of the integer ambiguity solutions; and

at least one sensor configured to generate a signal with three-dimensional attitude relevant information, the at least one sensor in communication with the at least one processor.

9. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to compare solutions of at least two of the integrity of integer ambiguity solutions.

10. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to declare a resolved integer ambiguity solution when the interval test does not detect integer ambiguity candidates larger than the interval threshold over a user selected period of time.

11. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one measurement residual is at least one of a baseline residual that is a difference between a known and a computed distance between the antennas, an individual residual that is a LSE residual between individual differential carrier phase measurements and the LSE solution using all in-view satellites, a composite residual that is a square root of the sum of squared of an individual LSE residual, and an aiding residual that is a difference between attitude resulting from the LSE solution and an estimated attitude solution provided by a different sensor set.

12. The vehicle having a three-dimensional attitude determination system of claim 7 , wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors further comprises tracking a consecutive number of fails and tracking a consecutive number of passes.

13. A method of determining three-dimensional attitude, the method comprising:

receiving satellite signals from a plurality of satellites;

measuring a carrier phase of each satellite signal received at a plurality of spaced antennas;

determining carrier phase differences between the measured carrier phase for each satellite signal from each satellite received at each antenna;

resolving integer ambiguities with integrity, using combinations of GNSS carrier phase measurements from in-view satellites to determine whether a satellite is providing faulty carrier phase measurements, by a process comprising:

applying a least-square-error (LSE) solution using differential carrier phase measurements with resolved integer ambiguities between at least two of the plurality of antennas;

observing measurement residuals after the LSE solution is computed and applying an instantaneous test that compares at least one measurement residual with a user selected instantaneous threshold to instantly eliminate integer ambiguity candidates whose residuals are larger than could occur as a result of measurement error, and applying an interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors, wherein the at least one measurement residual includes an individual residual that is a LSE residual between individual differential carrier phase measurements and the LSE solution using all in-view satellites, wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates further comprises tracking a consecutive number of fails of a threshold test;

applying a solution separation function to the GNSS carrier phase measurements that selectively compares different carrier phase measurement sub-sets solutions with each other; and

determining three-dimensional attitude from the determined carrier phase differences upon completion of integrity checks of the integer ambiguity resolution.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

identifying phase carrier measurements with large errors with the solution separation function; and

removing phase carrier measurements with the identified large errors.

15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

comparing results of at least two of the applying a LSE solution, the instantaneous test, the interval test, and the solution separation function in resolving the integer ambiguities with integrity.

16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

declaring a resolved integer ambiguity solution when the interval test does not detect integer ambiguity candidates larger than the interval threshold over a user selected period of time.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one measurement residual further includes at least one of a baseline residual that is a difference between a known and a computed distance between the antennas, a composite residual that is a square root of the sum of squared of an individual LSE residual, and an aiding residual that is a difference between attitude resulting from the LSE solution and an estimated attitude solution provided by a different sensor set.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors further comprises:

tracking a consecutive number of epochs an integer ambiguity candidate is above the interval threshold in eliminating integer ambiguity candidates.

19. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

tracking a consecutive number of epochs an integer ambiguity candidate is below the interval threshold in resolving the integer ambiguity resolution.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the interval test over a period of time to eliminate integer ambiguity candidates that are larger than an interval threshold over a user selected number of intervals within the period of time to address carrier phase measurement errors further comprises:

tracking a consecutive number of fails and tracking a consecutive number of passes.