Thrombus imaging aptamers and methods of using same
Provided herein are imaging agents, antidotes to the imaging agents and methods of using the same to image a thrombus or blood clot or thrombin including sites of thrombin accumulation and to diagnose and treat thrombosis. The imaging agents include an aptamer capable of binding the thrombus or thrombin in particular linked to a reporter moiety. The imaging agents may be used to label the thrombus or sites of thrombin accumulation. Antidotes capable of binding to the aptamer in the imaging agent are also provided. The antidotes may further be linked to a quencher capable of quenching the reporter moiety.
1. A method for generating a subtraction image of a thrombus or site of thrombin accumulation comprising contacting the thrombus or thrombin with an imaging agent, wherein the imaging agent comprises an aptamer that binds to the thrombus or thrombin linked to a reporter moiety, generating a first image of a portion of the thrombus or thrombin by detecting the imaging agent linked to the aptamer bound to the thrombus or thrombin, contacting the thrombus or thrombin with an antidote that binds to the aptamer and reversing the binding of the aptamer to the thrombus or thrombin, generating a second image of the portion of the thrombus or thrombin, and subtracting said second image from said first image to generate said subtraction image, wherein the aptamer comprises a polynucleotide sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or comprises a nucleotide sequence including from 5′ to 3′ a first stem forming region comprising at least three nucleotides, a first loop region comprising the nucleotide sequence AACA, a second stem forming region comprising at least three nucleotides, a second loop region comprising the nucleotide sequence C U/A GXAG U/A A, a third stem forming region comprising at least three nucleotides that forms a stem with the second stem forming region, a third loop region comprising at least one nucleotide and up to 5 nucleotides, and a fourth stem forming region comprising at least three nucleotides that forms a stem with the first stem forming region, wherein A is adenine, C is cytosine, G is guanine, U is uracil and X is any base in the nucleotide sequences and wherein the antidote comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 or a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to a sequence that is complementary to and hybridizes to at least 5 nucleotides of the aptamer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said aptamer binds to the thrombus or thrombin covalently linked to a reporter moiety.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reporter moiety is selected from the group consisting of a fluorophore moiety, an optical moiety, a magnetic moiety, a radiolabel moiety, an X-ray moiety, an ultrasound imaging moiety, a photoacoustic imaging moiety, a nanoparticle-based moiety, and a combination of two or more of the recited moieties.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reporter moiety comprises a fluorophore moiety.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said aptamer and said reporter moiety are linked by a covalent bond.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said aptamer and said reporter moiety are linked at the 5° or 3′ end of said aptamer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said aptamer and said reporter moiety are linked by a tag system selected from the group consisting of biotin and avidin, biotin and streptavidin, and biotin and deglycosylated avidin.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first image and said second image are generated using an imaging modality selected from the group consisting of positron-emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging (01), ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, and computed tomography (CT).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antidote is added in molar excess to the amount of the aptamer in the imaging agent.
10. A method of diagnosing an arterial or venous thrombosis in a subject comprising performing the method of claim 1 , using the subtraction image generated to determine if a thrombus is present in the subject and diagnosing the arterial or venous thrombosis in the subject, wherein the contacting step is performed by administering the imaging agent to the subject.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting step comprises administering the imaging agent to a subject.