Oils with anti-inflammatory activity containing natural specialized proresolving mediators and their precursors
The present invention encompasses oils that have anti-inflammatory or resolution-stimulating activity that contain or are enriched with Specialized Proresolving Mediators (SPM) or SPM precursors, which originate from an oil obtained from organisms containing long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, crustaceae, algae, and mollusks. The invention also encompasses a method for the production of these oils, and the utilization of the oils for nutritional supplements, pharmaceutical formulations, and cosmetic formulations, which can be employed for treating an inflammatory condition.
1. A method of reducing cytokine levels in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), 17-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA, 10-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (10-HDHA), 4-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (4-HDHA, and 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), wherein 17-HDHA is present in the composition in an amount of at least about 100 mg/L, and wherein the composition further comprises eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or both.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has a condition caused by platelet aggregation and coagulation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein administration of the composition to the subject reduces cytokine levels selected from the group consisting of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has abnormal and/or increased cytokine levels in response to an attempt to remove or neutralize a pathogen.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject exhibits a reduction in cytokine levels by at least about 50%.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject exhibits a reduction in cytokine levels by at least about 80%.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition has anti-inflammatory and/or resolution simulating activity.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA, 10-HDHA, 4-HDHA, and 14-HDHA are in the composition as a free fatty acid, ester, phospholipid, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride, tri-glyceride, or combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of:
resolvin E1 (RvE1; 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-eicosa-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid),
18S-resolvin E1 (18S-RvE1; 5S,12R,18S-trihydroxy-eicosa-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid),
20-hydroxy-RvE 1 (5S,12R,18R,20-tetrahydroxy-eicosa-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid),
resolvin E2 (RvE2; 5S,18-dihydroxy-eicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid),
resolvin E3 (RvE3; 17,18R-dihydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15E-pentaenoic acid),
18 S-resolvin E3 (18 S-RvE3; 17,18S-dihydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15E-pentaenoic acid),
17,18-epoxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15E-pentaenoic acid, lipoxin A 5 (LXA 5 ; 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-eicosa-7E,9E,11Z,13E,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
15-epi-lipoxin A 5 (LXA5; 5S,6R,15R-trihydroxy-eicosa-7E,9E,11Z,13E,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
maresin 1 (MaR1; 7R,14S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
7S-maresin 1 (7S-MaR1; 7S,14S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
7S,14S-diHDHA (7S,14S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
protectin D1 (PD1; 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
10S,17S-diHDHA (10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
14S,21S-diHDHA (14S,21S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
14S,21R-diHDHA (14S,21R-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
14R,21S-diHDHA (14R,21S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
14R,21R-diHDHA (14R,21R-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
13 S,14 S-epoxy-DHA (13 S,14S-epoxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
16,17S-diHDHA (16,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
16,17-epoxy-DHA (16,17-epoxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D1 (RvD1; 7S,8R,17 S-trihydroxy-docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D2 (RvD2; 7S,16R,17S-trihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D3 (RvD3; 4S,11R,17S-trihydroxy-docosa-5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D4 (RvD4; 4S,5,17S-trihydroxy-docosa-6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D5 (RvD5; 7S,17 S-dihydroxy-docosa-5Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
resolvin D6 (RvD6; 4S,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-5E,7Z,10Z,14Z,16E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1; 7S,8R,17R-trihydroxy-docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D2 (AT-RvD2; 7S,16R,17R-trihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D3 (AT-RvD3; 4S,11,17R-trihydroxy-docosa-5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D4 (AT-RvD4; 4S,5,17R-trihydroxy-docosa-6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D5 (AT-RvD5; 7S,17R-dihydroxy-docosa-5Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
aspirin-triggered resolvin D6 (AT-RvD6; 4S,17R-dihydroxy-docosa-5E,7Z,10Z,14Z,16E,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
7S,17S-diHDPA n−3 (7S,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-8E,10Z,13Z,15Z,19Z-pentaenoic acid (o)-3)),
lipoxin A4 (LXA 4 ; 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-eicosa-7E,9E,11Z,13E-tetraenoic acid),
15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA 4 ; 5S,6R,15R-trihydroxy-eicosa-7E,9E,11Z,13E-tetraenoic acid),
delta12-prostaglandin J 2 (delta12-PGJ 2 ; 11-oxo-15S-hydroxy-prosta-5Z,9,12E-trienoic acid),
15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J 2 (15-deoxy-delta12,14-PGJ 2 ; 11-oxo-prosta-5Z,9,12E,14E-tetraenoic acid),
11(12)-epoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (11(12)-EpETE; 11(12)-epoxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,14Z,17Z-tetraenoic acid),
17(18)-epoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (17(18)-EpETE; 17(18-epoxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-tetraenoic acid),
19(20)-epoxy-docosapentaenoic acid (19(20)-EpDPE; 19(20)-epoxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-pentaenoic acid),
10S,17S-diHDPA n−6 (10S,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E-pentaenoic acid),
7,17-diHDPA n−6 (7,17-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E-pentaenoic acid), and
7,14-HDPA n−6 (7,14-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,12Z,16Z-pentaenoic acid).
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of:
5S-HEPE (5S-hydroxy-eicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
11S-HEPE (11S-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
12S-HEPE (12S-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
12R-HEPE (12R-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
15 S-HEPE (15S-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z-pentaenoic acid),
7S-HDHA (7S-hydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,6Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
11S-HDHA (11S-hydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,9E,13Z,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
20S-HDHA (20S-hydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid),
17S-HDPAn-6 (17S-hydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E-pentaenoic acid),
14S-HDPAn-6 (14S-hydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z-pentaenoic acid),
17S-HDPAn-3 (17S-hydroxy-docosa-7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-pentaenoic acid),
14S-HDPAn-3 (14S-hydroxy-docosa-7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-pentaenoic acid),
10S-HDPAn-6 (10S-hydroxy-docosa-7Z,11E,13Z,16Z,19Z-pentaenoic acid), and
15S-HETE (15S-hydroxy-eicosa-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-tetraenoic acid).