Durable graphene oxide membranes
Embodiments described herein relate generally to durable graphene oxide membranes for fluid filtration. For example, the graphene oxide membranes can be durable under high temperatures non-neutral pH, and/or high pressures. One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a filtration apparatus comprising: a support substrate, and a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate. The graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature. The graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time.
1. A filtration apparatus, comprising:
a support substrate; and
a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate, the graphene oxide membrane including a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, each of the graphene oxide sheets covalently coupled to a chemical spacer,
wherein:
the chemical spacer comprises 4-aminophenylacetic acid, 2-(4(aminophenyl) ethanol, acrylamide, propionamide, isobutyramide, pivalamide, or a derivative thereof;
the graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature; and
after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution that is at least 80° C. for a period of time, the graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature.
2. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is substantially the same as the first lactose rejection rate.
3. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is greater than the first lactose rejection rate.
4. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
5. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
6. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the graphene oxide sheets is not covalently crosslinked to the adjacent graphene oxide sheet.
7. The filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the solution has a pH of about 7, about 11, or about 14.
8. A method for processing black liquor, the method comprising flowing black liquor through the filtration apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the black liquor comprises lignin, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium hydroxide, or a combination thereof.
9. A filtration apparatus, comprising:
a support substrate; and
a graphene oxide membrane disposed on the support substrate, the graphene oxide membrane including a plurality of graphene oxide sheets, each of the graphene oxide sheets covalently coupled to a chemical spacer,
wherein:
the chemical spacer comprises 4-aminophenylacetic acid, 2-(4-aminophenyl) ethanol, acrylamide, propionamide, isobutyramide, pivalamide, or a derivative thereof;
the graphene oxide membrane has a first lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a first 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature; and
after the graphene oxide membrane is contacted with a solution having a pH of at least 11 for a period of time at room temperature, the graphene oxide membrane has a second lactose rejection rate of at least 50% with a second 1 wt % lactose solution at room temperature.
10. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the pH is at least about 12 or at least about 14.
11. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is substantially the same as the first lactose rejection rate.
12. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is greater than the first lactose rejection rate.
13. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
14. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the second lactose rejection rate is less than or equal to 90%.
15. The filtration apparatus of claim 9 , wherein each of the graphene oxide sheets is not covalently crosslinked to the adjacent graphene oxide sheet.