CAS9 proteins including ligand-dependent inteins
Some aspects of this disclosure provide compositions, methods, systems, and kits for controlling the activity of RNA-programmable endonucleases, such as Cas9, or for controlling the activity of proteins comprising a Cas9 variant fused to a functional effector domain, such as a nuclease, nickase, recombinase, deaminase, transcriptional activator, transcriptional repressor, or epigenetic modifying domain. For example, the inventive proteins provided comprise a ligand-dependent intein, the presence of which inhibits one or more activities of the protein (e.g., gRNA binding, enzymatic activity, target DNA binding). The binding of a ligand to the intein results in self-excision of the intein, restoring the activity of the protein.
1. A hybrid protein comprising an intein flanked by two extein sequences of a Cas9 protein, wherein the two extein sequences ligate to form the Cas9 protein upon excision of the intein.
2. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 5.
3. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein an activity of the Cas9 protein is disrupted by the intein, and wherein the disrupted activity is restored upon excision of the intein from the Cas9 protein.
4. The hybrid protein of claim 3 , wherein the nuclease activity of the Cas9 protein is disrupted by the intein.
5. The hybrid protein of claim 3 , wherein the target nucleic acid binding activity of the Cas9 protein is disrupted by the intein.
6. The hybrid protein of claim 3 , wherein the gRNA binding activity of the Cas9 protein is disrupted by the intein.
7. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein is capable of binding a guide RNA (gRNA) prior to excision of the intein.
8. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein has no gRNA binding activity prior to excision of the intein.
9. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein comprises a dCas9 domain; and the hybrid protein further comprises a nucleic acid-editing domain.
10. The hybrid protein of claim 9 , wherein the nucleic acid-editing domain is a deaminase domain.
11. The hybrid protein of claim 10 , wherein the deaminase domain is a cytidine deaminase domain.
12. The hybrid protein of claim 11 , wherein the cytidine deaminase domain is an apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing complex (APOBEC) family deaminase domain.
13. The hybrid protein of claim 10 , wherein the deaminase domain is an adenosine deaminase domain.
14. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein comprises a dCas9 domain; and the hybrid protein further comprises a transcriptional activator domain, or a transcriptional repressor domain.
15. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein comprises a dCas9 domain; and the hybrid protein further comprises an epigenetic modifier domain.
16. The hybrid protein of claim 15 , wherein the epigenetic modifier is selected from the group consisting of histone demethylase, histone methyltransferase, hydroxylase, histone deacetylase, and histone acetyltransferase.
17. The hybrid protein of claim 15 , wherein the epigenetic modifier is LSD1 histone demethylase or TET1 hydroxylase.
18. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein is a nuclease-inactivated Cas9 (dCas9) domain.
19. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein comprises a dCas9 domain; and the hybrid protein further comprises a recombinase catalytic domain.
20. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the Cas9 protein is a Cas9 nickase or dead Cas9.
21. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the intein is a ligand-dependent intein.
22. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the intein comprises a ligand-binding domain.
23. The hybrid protein of claim 22 , wherein the ligand-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14.
24. The hybrid protein of claim 22 , wherein the ligand-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:7-14.
25. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the intein is inserted in the Cas9 protein such that at least one domain of the Cas9 protein is disrupted.
26. The hybrid protein of claim 25 , wherein the at least one domain of the Cas9 protein is a nuclease domain or a gRNA binding domain.
27. The hybrid protein of claim 26 , wherein the nuclease domain is an HNH nuclease domain or a RuvC nuclease domain.
28. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the intein is inserted at or replaces residue Cys80, Ala127, Thr146, Ser219, Thr333, Thr519, Cys574, Thr622, Ser701, Ala728, Thr995, Ser1006, Ser1154, Ser1159, or Ser1274 of a Cas9 protein having the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, or SEQ ID NO: 5.
29. The hybrid protein of claim 1 , wherein the hybrid protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 27-41.
30. A method for site-specific DNA cleavage, the method comprising:
(a) contacting a hybrid protein of claim 1 with a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form the Cas9 protein; and
(b) contacting a DNA with the Cas9 protein, wherein the Cas9 protein is associated with a gRNA, thereby producing site-specifically cleaved DNA.
31. A method of DNA editing, the method comprising contacting a DNA molecule with
(a) the hybrid protein of claim 10 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form the Cas9 protein; and
(b) a gRNA targeting the Cas9 protein of (a) to a target nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand;
wherein the DNA molecule is contacted with the Cas9 protein and the gRNA in an amount effective and under conditions suitable for the deamination of a nucleotide base.
32. A method for transcriptional activation, comprising contacting a DNA molecule comprising a gene with
(a) the hybrid protein of claim 14 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form the Cas9 protein; and
(b) a gRNA targeting the Cas9 protein of (a) to a target nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand;
wherein the DNA molecule is contacted with the Cas9 protein and the gRNA in an amount effective and under conditions suitable for transcriptional activation of the gene.
33. A method for epigenetic modification, comprising contacting a DNA molecule with
(a) the hybrid protein of claim 15 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form the Cas9 protein; and
(b) a gRNA targeting the Cas9 protein of (a) to a target nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand;
wherein the DNA molecule is contacted with the Cas9 protein and the gRNA in an amount effective and under conditions suitable for the epigenetic modification of the DNA molecule.
34. A method for site-specific recombination between two DNA molecules, comprising:
(a) contacting a first DNA with a first hybrid protein of claim 19 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form a first Cas9 protein, wherein the dCas9 domain of the first Cas9 protein binds a first gRNA that hybridizes to a region of the first DNA;
(b) contacting the first DNA with a second hybrid protein of claim 19 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form a second Cas9 protein, wherein the dCas9 domain of the second Cas9 protein binds a second gRNA that hybridizes to a second region of the first DNA;
(c) contacting a second DNA with a third hybrid protein of claim 19 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form a third Cas9 protein, wherein the dCas9 domain of the third Cas9 protein binds a third gRNA that hybridizes to a region of the second DNA;
and (d) contacting the second DNA with a fourth hybrid protein of claim 19 and a ligand, wherein binding of the ligand to the intein induces self-excision of the intein followed by ligation of the two extein sequences to form a fourth Cas9 protein, wherein the dCas9 domain of the fourth Cas9 protein binds a fourth gRNA that hybridizes to a second region of the second DNA;
wherein the binding of the Cas9 proteins in steps (a)-(d) results in the tetramerization of the recombinase catalytic domains of the Cas9 proteins, under conditions such that the DNAs are recombined.