Engineered skin equivalent, method of manufacture thereof and products derived therefrom

1. A composition comprising: an isolated artificial dermal layer comprising an immortalized keratinocyte cultured in vitro, and a scaffold, wherein the keratinocyte is at least partially in contact with the scaffold.

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of a cell layer of the isolated artificial dermal layer has been removed.

3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold comprises a natural scaffold, a synthetic scaffold or a combination thereof.

4. The composition of claim 3 , comprising the synthetic scaffold.

5. The composition of claim 3 , comprising the natural scaffold.

6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold comprises an at least partially hollow structure.

7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold comprises a collagen, a cellulose, a cotton, an acetate, an acrylic, a latex, a linen, a nylon, a rayon, a velvet, a modacrylic, a saran, a vinyon, a wool, a jute, a hemp, a bamboo, a flax, an alginate, a fibronectin, a poly-p-phenyleneterephthalamide, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a carrageenan, an agarose, a fibrin, a glass, a silica, an aramid, a carbon, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene), a polyvinyl chloride, a polyvinylidene chloride, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyacrylonitrile, a chitosan, a polyurethane, a poly(urethane-urea), a polyethylene phthalate, a chitin, a elastin, a keratin, a polyhydroxyalkanoate, a dextran, a pullane, a polyhyaluronic acid, a poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), a poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), a poly(3-hydroxyfatty acid), a poly(caprolactone), a poly(para-dioxanone), a laminin, a zein, a casein, a gelatin, a gluten, albumen, a poly L-lactic acid (PLA), a polyglycolic acid (PGA), or any combination thereof.

8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a fibroblast.

9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the fibroblast expresses CD 10 , CD73, CD44, CD90, type I collagen, type III collagen, prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta, or a combination thereof.

10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the artificial dermal layer comprises a collagen.

11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the collagen is produced at least in part by a collagen producing cell, is separately added, or any combination thereof.

12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the collagen producing cell comprises an epithelial cell, a fibroblast, a comeocyte, a Langerhans cell, a basal cell, or a combination thereof.

13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the collagen producing cell comprises the epithelial cell wherein the epithelial cell comprises a squamous cell, a cuboidal cell, a columnar cell, a basal cell, or a combination thereof.

14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the artificial dermal layer further comprises one or more of keratin, elastin, gelatin, proteoglycan, dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, glycosoaminoglycan, fibronectin, laminin, dermatopontin, lipid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, or a combination thereof.

15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the isolated artificial dermal layer ranges from about 0.02 mm to about 5 mm.

16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the artificial dermal layer further comprises a hair follicle.

17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the artificial dermal layer further comprises fur.

18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the immortalized keratinocyte is adhered to the scaffold.

19. The compostion of claim 1 , wherein the immortalized keratinocyte comprises a collagen producing cell.

20. The compostion of claim 1 , wherein the keratinocyte is derived from a mammal, a fish, a bird or a reptile.

21. The compostion of claim 20 , comprising the mammal, wherein the mammal comprises an antelope, a bear, a beaver, a bison, a boar, a camel, a caribou, a cat, a cattle, a deer, a dog, an elephant, an elk, a fox, a giraffe, a goat, a hare, a horse, an ibex, a kangaroo, a lion, a llama, a lynx, a mink, a moose, an oxen, a peccary, a pig, a rabbit, a rhino, a seal, a sheep, a squirrel, a tiger, a whale, a wolf, a yak, or a zebra.

22. The compostion of claim 20 , comprising the fish, wherein the fish comprises an anchovy, a bass, a catfish, a carp, a cod, an eel, a flounder, a fugu, a grouper, a haddock, a halibut, a herring, a mackerel, a mahi-mahi, a manta ray, a marlin, an orange roughy, a perch, a pike, a pollock, a salmon, a sardine, a shark, a snapper, a sole, a stingray, a swordfish, a tilapia, a trout, a tuna, or a walleye.

23. The compostion of claim 20 , comprising the bird, wherein the bird comprises a chicken, a duck, an emu, a goose, a grouse, an ostrich, a pheasant, a pigeon, a quail, or a turkey.

24. The compostion of claim 20 , comprising the reptile, wherein the reptile comprises a turtle, a snake, a crocodile, or an alligator.