Immobilized chalcogen and use thereof in a rechargeable battery
An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes a mixture or combination of chalcogen and carbon. The carbon can be in the form of a carbon skeleton. The chalcogen can include oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a combination of any two or more of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The activation energy for chalcogen to escape the immobilized chalcogen system or body is ≥96 kJ/mole.
1. An immobilized chalcogen system or body comprising:
a mixture of chalcogen and a carbon, wherein an activation energy for a chalcogen particle to escape the immobilized chalcogen system or body ≥96 KJ/mole, and the carbon forms a carbon skeleton which includes a deactivation chemical functional group which withdraws electrons from a delocalized Extremely Massive Aromatic Conjugated (EMAC) π-bond system of the carbon skeleton.
2. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the chalcogen comprises one or more of the following: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium.
3. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the immobilized chalcogen forms a coordination bond.
4. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the immobilized chalcogen forms an electron donor-acceptor bond.
5. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the carbon skeleton includes a carbo-cation center on the EMAC π-bond system.
6. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group includes an oxygen-containing group and the immobilized chalcogen system or body has group ≥0.1 millimole (mmol) O/g.
7. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 6 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group including the oxygen-containing group includes at least one of the following:
a formyl group, an aldehyde group, an acyl group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, a carboxylic acid group, a carboxylate group, an ester group, an anhydride group, or a carbonyl group.
8. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group includes a nitrogen-containing group and the immobilized chalcogen system or body has ≥0.1 mmol N/g.
9. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 8 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group including the nitrogen-containing group includes at least one of the following:
a nitro (—NO 2 ) group;
a nitroso (—NO) group;
an ammonium (—N + R 3 ) group, where R is an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a H;
a cyano group (—CN);
a thiocyano group (—SCN); and/or
an isothiocyano group (—NCS).
10. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group includes a phosphorus-containing group and the immobilized chalcogen system or body has 0.1≥mmol P/g.
11. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 10 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group including the phosphorus-containing group includes at least one of the following:
a phosphonic acid group (—PO 3 H 2 ) or its salt (—PO 3 H − , —PO 3 2− );
a phosphonate (—PO 3 R 2 , —PO 3 HR, or —PO 3 R − );
a phosphonyl group (—POR 2 ), where R is an alkyl, aryl, any organic functional group; and/or
a phosphonium group (—P + R 3 ).
12. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group includes a halogen-containing group and the immobilized chalcogen system or body has ≥0.1 mmol X/g, wherein the halogen (X) comprises one of the following: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
13. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 12 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group including the halogen-containing group includes at least one of the following: F, Cl, Br, I, —CF 3 , —CCl 3 , —CBr 3 , —CI 3 , and/or a highly halogenated alkyl group with more than one carbon.
14. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 1 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group includes a sulfur-containing group and the immobilized chalcogen system or body has ≥0.1 mmol S/g.
15. The immobilized chalcogen system or body of claim 14 , wherein the deactivation chemical functional group including the sulfur-containing group includes at least one of the following:
a SO 3 H (a sulfonic acid) group;
a SCN (a thiocyano group);
a SO 2 R (a sulfonyl ester) group, where R is an alkyl group, aryl group or halogen;
a SO 2 CF 3 (a trifluoromethyl sulfonyl ester group); and/or
a SO 2 —O—R or a sulfonium group (—S + R 2 ), where each R is independently an alkyl group, aryl group or other organic functional group.