In operando, non-invasive state-of-charge monitoring for redox flow batteries

1. A system for monitoring a state-of-charge of a redox flow battery having an electrolyte reservoir containing an electrolyte solution, the system comprising:

a probing cell, the probing cell connected to the electrolyte reservoir;

an ultrasonic system, comprising:

an ultrasonic pulser-receiver; and

an ultrasonic transducer attached to the probing cell, the ultrasonic transducer configured to:

transmit pulses at a frequency into the probing cell; and

receive echoes, the echoes being reflections of the pulses; and

one or more processors of a computer system, the one or more processors configured to:

process the echoes to obtain acoustic measurements, the acoustic measurements effective to calculate an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the electrolyte solution; and

determine, based on the acoustic attenuation coefficient, the state-of-charge of the redox flow battery, the acoustic attenuation coefficient representing an energy loss rate of the echoes after propagation through the probing cell,

wherein the probing cell and the ultrasonic system are configured to be calibrated using water.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the probing cell is configured to be temporarily connected to the electrolyte reservoir.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the probing cell comprises a housing having a cylindrical shape and a first lateral end and a second lateral end, wherein the probing cell further comprises a first disk at the first lateral end and a second disk at the second lateral end, and wherein the ultrasonic transducer is attached to one of the first disk or the second disk.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the housing has a longitudinal length and a first diameter, the longitudinal length effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the housing.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the first disk and the second disk have a second diameter and a height, the height effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein:

the echoes comprise a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes, the first set of echoes comprising reflections of the pulses that reflected within the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached, the second set of echoes comprising reflection of the pulses that reflected through the electrolyte solution in the housing; and

the one or more processors further configured to:

determine a first amplitude of a first echo of the first set of echoes;

determine a second amplitude of a first echo of the second set of echoes; and

calculate, based on the longitudinal length of the housing and a ratio of the second amplitude to the first amplitude at a particular frequency, the acoustic attenuation coefficient.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic pulser-receiver is further configured to perform one or more of:

amplify the echoes; or

filter the echoes.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ultrasonic pulser-receiver is further configured, in the transmission of the pulses into the probing cell, to:

generate a series of pulses;

amplify the series of pulses; and

impedance match the series of pulses to the probing cell.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte reservoir is a catholyte reservoir of the redox flow battery.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to obtain at least ten acoustic measurements, wherein the at least ten acoustic measurements are taken while a pump of the redox flow battery is on, the pump being connected to the probing cell and the electrolyte reservoir.

11. A method for monitoring a state-of-charge of a redox flow battery having an electrolyte reservoir containing an electrolyte solution, the method comprising:

transmitting, by an ultrasonic transducer attached to a probing cell, pulses at a frequency into the probing cell, the probing cell connected to the electrolyte reservoir;

receiving, by the ultrasonic transducer, echoes, the echoes being reflections of the pulses;

processing, by one or more processors of a computer system, the echoes to obtain acoustic measurements, the acoustic measurements effective to calculate an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the electrolyte solution;

determining, by the one or more processors and based on the acoustic attenuation coefficient, the state-of-charge of the redox flow battery, the acoustic attenuation coefficient representing an energy loss rate of the echoes after propagation through the probing cell; and

calibrating, using water, the probing cell and the ultrasonic transducer.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the probing cell comprises a housing having a cylindrical shape and a first lateral end and a second lateral end, wherein the probing cell further comprises a first disk at the first lateral end and a second disk at the second lateral end, and wherein the ultrasonic transducer is attached to one of the first disk or the second disk.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the housing has a longitudinal length and a first diameter, the longitudinal length effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the housing.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first disk and the second disk have a second diameter and a height, the height effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein:

the echoes comprise a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes, the first set of echoes comprising reflections of the pulses that reflected within the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached, the second set of echoes comprising reflection of the pulses that reflected through the electrolyte solution in the housing; and

the method further comprising:

determining, by the one or more processors, a first amplitude of a first echo of the first set of echoes;

determining, by the one or more processors, a second amplitude of a first echo of the second set of echoes; and

calculating, by the one or more processors and based on the longitudinal length of the housing and a ratio of the second amplitude to the first amplitude at a particular frequency, the acoustic attenuation coefficient.

16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising obtaining, by the one or more processors, at least ten acoustic measurements, wherein the at least ten acoustic measurements are taken while a pump of the redox flow battery is on, the pump being connected to the probing cell and the electrolyte reservoir.

17. A computer-readable storage media comprising computer-executable instructions for monitoring a state-of-charge of a redox flow battery having an electrolyte reservoir containing an electrolyte solution, the computer-executable instructions, when executed, cause one or more processors of a computer system to:

control an ultrasonic transducer to transmit pulses at a frequency into a probing cell, wherein the ultrasonic transducer is attached to the probing cell and the probing cell is connected to the electrolyte reservoir;

receive, from the ultrasonic transducer, echoes, the echoes being reflections of the pulses, the echoes comprising a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes;

process echoes to obtain acoustic measurements, the acoustic measurements effective to calculate an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the electrolyte solution;

determine, based on the acoustic attenuation coefficient, the state-of-charge of the redox flow battery, the acoustic attenuation coefficient representing an energy loss rate of the echoes after propagation through the probing cell;

determine a first amplitude of a first echo of the first set of echoes;

determine a second amplitude of a first echo of the second set of echoes; and

calculate, based on a longitudinal length of the probing cell and a ratio of the second amplitude to the first amplitude at a particular frequency, the acoustic attenuation coefficient,

wherein the echoes comprise a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes,

wherein the first set of echoes comprise reflections of the pulses that reflected within a disk of the probing cell to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached, and

wherein the second set of echoes comprise reflection of the pulses that reflected through the electrolyte solution in the probing cell.

18. A system for monitoring a state-of-charge of a redox flow battery having an electrolyte reservoir containing an electrolyte solution, the system comprising:

a probing cell, the probing cell connected to the electrolyte reservoir;

an ultrasonic system, comprising:

an ultrasonic pulser-receiver; and

an ultrasonic transducer attached to the probing cell, the ultrasonic transducer configured to:

transmit pulses at a frequency into the probing cell; and

receive echoes, the echoes being reflections of the pulses; and

one or more processors of a computer system, the one or more processors configured to:

process the echoes to obtain acoustic measurements, the acoustic measurements effective to calculate an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the electrolyte solution; and

determine, based on the acoustic attenuation coefficient, the state-of-charge of the redox flow battery, the acoustic attenuation coefficient representing an energy loss rate of the echoes after propagation through the probing cell,

wherein the probing cell comprises a housing having a cylindrical shape and a first lateral end and a second lateral end,

wherein the probing cell further comprises a first disk at the first lateral end and a second disk at the second lateral end, and

wherein the ultrasonic transducer is attached to one of the first disk or the second disk.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the housing has a longitudinal length and a first diameter, the longitudinal length effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the housing.

20. The system of claim 19 , wherein the first disk and the second disk have a second diameter and a height, the height effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached.

21. The system of claim 20 , wherein:

the echoes comprise a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes, the first set of echoes comprising reflections of the pulses that reflected within the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached, the second set of echoes comprising reflection of the pulses that reflected through the electrolyte solution in the housing; and

the one or more processors further configured to:

determine a first amplitude of a first echo of the first set of echoes;

determine a second amplitude of a first echo of the second set of echoes; and

calculate, based on the longitudinal length of the housing and a ratio of the second amplitude to the first amplitude at a particular frequency, the acoustic attenuation coefficient.

22. A method for monitoring a state-of-charge of a redox flow battery having an electrolyte reservoir containing an electrolyte solution, the method comprising:

transmitting, by an ultrasonic transducer attached to a probing cell, pulses at a frequency into the probing cell, the probing cell connected to the electrolyte reservoir;

receiving, by the ultrasonic transducer, echoes, the echoes being reflections of the pulses;

processing, by one or more processors of a computer system, the echoes to obtain acoustic measurements, the acoustic measurements effective to calculate an acoustic attenuation coefficient of the electrolyte solution; and

determining, by the one or more processors and based on the acoustic attenuation coefficient, the state-of-charge of the redox flow battery, the acoustic attenuation coefficient representing an energy loss rate of the echoes after propagation through the probing cell,

wherein the probing cell comprises a housing having a cylindrical shape and a first lateral end and a second lateral end,

wherein the probing cell further comprises a first disk at the first lateral end and a second disk at the second lateral end, and

wherein the ultrasonic transducer is attached to one of the first disk or the second disk.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the housing has a longitudinal length and a first diameter, the longitudinal length effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the housing.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the first disk and the second disk have a second diameter and a height, the height effective, based on the frequency of the pulses, to separate the echoes that propagate through the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein:

the echoes comprise a first set of echoes and a second set of echoes, the first set of echoes comprising reflections of the pulses that reflected within the disk to which the ultrasonic transducer is attached, the second set of echoes comprising reflection of the pulses that reflected through the electrolyte solution in the housing; and

the method further comprising:

determining, by the one or more processors, a first amplitude of a first echo of the first set of echoes;

determining, by the one or more processors, a second amplitude of a first echo of the second set of echoes; and

calculating, by the one or more processors and based on the longitudinal length of the housing and a ratio of the second amplitude to the first amplitude at a particular frequency, the acoustic attenuation coefficient.