Processes for forming transparent, conductive films from heavy hydrocarbons, and devices and systems into which such films are incorporated
The present disclosure is directed to processes for forming or otherwise creating a transparent, conductive film from a heavy hydrocarbon material. It allows for what is often considered to be waste material to be transformed into a useful product, such as a heating element. Such heating elements can be incorporated into many contexts where it can be important to have transparency and/or a thin heating element, such as in windshields. The process involves dissolving a heavy hydrocarbon material in a solvent, casting the heavy hydrocarbon solution that results from the dissolving onto a substrate to form a film, and then annealing the film. The disclosure also provides for objects in which such resulting films can be used, such as Joule heaters.
1. A method for producing a film, comprising:
dissolving a heavy hydrocarbon material in a solvent to form a heavy hydrocarbon solution, the heavy hydrocarbon material having one or more molecules with a boiling point of 340 degrees Celsius or greater;
casting the heavy hydrocarbon solution onto a substrate to form a film; and
annealing the film, and
wherein at least a portion of the solvent remains in the heavy hydrocarbon solution that forms the film, and
wherein an amount of heavy hydrocarbon material as compared to solvent of the hydrocarbon solution is in approximately a range of about 25 wt % to 60 wt %.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein annealing the film occurs at a temperature approximately at or greater than about 600 degrees Celsius and in the presence of oxygen.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heavy hydrocarbon comprises one or more petroleum byproducts.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the one or more petroleum byproducts comprise steam cracker tar.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming at least one conductive pattern in the annealed film.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein forming at least one conductive pattern in the annealed film is performed by operating a laser, and the at least one conductive pattern is an arbitrarily complex pattern.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein an amount of heavy hydrocarbon material as compared to solvent of the hydrocarbon solution is in approximately a range of about 25 wt % to 60 wt %.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the annealing is performed using a laser.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein annealing the film further comprises changing the chemical structure of the film.
10. A Joule heater, comprising:
a substrate; and
a thin, conductive film coupled to the substrate, the film comprising a heavy hydrocarbon solution having a heavy hydrocarbon in a solvent,
wherein a transparency of the film is at least 70%,
wherein at least a portion of the solvent remains in the heavy hydrocarbon solution that forms the film,
wherein the heavy hydrocarbon has one or more molecules with a boiling point of 340 degrees Celsius or greater and an amount of heavy hydrocarbon material as compared to solvent of the hydrocarbon solution is in approximately a range of about 25 wt % to 60 wt %, and
wherein a sheet resistance of the film is in the range of about 1,000 ohms per square to about 30,000 ohms per square.
11. The Joule heater of claim 10 , further comprising:
one or more electrodes coupled to the film, the one or more electrodes being configured to raise in temperature when a voltage is placed across the one or more electrodes.
12. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein the heavy hydrocarbon comprises one or more petroleum byproducts.
13. The Joule heater of claim 12 , wherein the one or more petroleum byproducts comprise steam cracker tar.
14. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein the film has at least one conductive pattern formed therein.
15. The Joule heater of claim 14 , wherein the at least one conductive pattern is a laser-formed arbitrarily complex pattern.
16. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein a thickness of the film is in the range of about 10 nanometers to about 500 nanometers.
17. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein a transparency of the film is at least 85%.
18. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein an energy density of the film is at least 4.3 J/m 2 .
19. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein an output temperature of the Joule heater is in the range of about 100 degrees Celsius to about 288 degrees Celsius.
20. The Joule heater of claim 10 , wherein the Joule heater is operated at 60 Volts or less.