Auto-braking for an electromagnetic machine
Systems and methods are provided for braking a translator of a linear multiphase electromagnetic machine. The system detects a fault event, and in response to detecting the fault event, causes the translator to brake using an electromagnetic technique. Braking includes causing the translator to stop reciprocating, by applying a force opposing an axial motion, which may occur within one cycle, or over many cycles. The fault event may include, for example, a fault associated with an encoder, a controller, an electrical component, a communications link, a phase, or a subsystem. The system includes a power electronics system configured to apply current to the phases. The system may use position information, current information, operating parameters, or a combination thereof to brake. Alternatively, the system need not use position information, current information, and operating parameters, and may brake the translator independent of such information.
1. A linear generator comprising:
a linear electromagnetic machine (LEM) comprising:
a translator, and
a stator comprising a plurality of phases, wherein each phase of the plurality of phases comprises a respective first phase lead and a respective second phase lead;
a power electronics system coupled to at least one phase of the plurality of phases and coupled to a DC bus, the power electronics system comprising at least one first switch and at least one second switch, wherein each first phase lead is coupled to the at least one first switch, and wherein each second phase lead is coupled to that at least one second switch; and
a first phase controller coupled to the power electronics system and configured to, in response to an event:
apply braking signals to the at least one first switch to cause the translator to brake, and
send a communication signal to a second phase controller indicating that braking has occurred.
2. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the event is selected from at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
3. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the event is a lack of communication associated with the first phase controller.
4. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the at least one first switch comprise a first high-voltage switch and a first low-voltage switch, wherein the at least one second switch comprise a second high-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch, and wherein the braking signals are configured to cause:
a first state wherein a first high-voltage switch and a second high-voltage switch are closed for a first time period;
a second state wherein a first low-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch are closed for a second time period that does not overlap the first time period; and
a third state wherein the first high-voltage switch, the second high-voltage switch, the first low-voltage switch, and the second low-voltage switch are all open for a third time period that does not overlap the first time period or the second time period.
5. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the first phase controller is further configured to apply the braking signals independent of position information of the translator.
6. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the first phase controller is further configured to apply the braking signals independent of phase current information of each phase of the plurality of phases of the LEM.
7. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the first phase controller is further configured to, in response to the event, send a communication signal to a third phase controller indicating that braking has occurred.
8. The linear generator of claim 1 , wherein the at least one first switch comprise a first high-voltage switch and a first low-voltage switch, wherein the at least one second switch comprise a second high-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch, wherein the braking signals comprise at least one of:
a first set of signals comprising:
a first signal applied to activate both the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch for a first time period, and to open the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch for a second time period, and
a second signal applied to open both the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch during both the first time period and the second time period; or
a second set of signals comprising:
a third signal applied to activate both the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch for a third time period, and to open the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch for a fourth time period, and
a fourth signal applied to open both the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch during both the third time period and the fourth time period.
9. A method for braking a translator of a linear multiphase electromagnetic machine (LEM), wherein:
each phase of the LEM comprises a respective first phase lead and a respective second phase lead;
each first phase lead is coupled to at least one first switch coupled across a DC bus;
each second phase lead is coupled to at least one second switch coupled across the DC bus, the method comprising:
detecting an event; and
in response to detecting the event:
automatically communicating, using control circuitry, braking signals to the at least one first switch to cause the translator to brake, and
sending a communication signal to a second phase controller indicating that braking has occurred.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the event is selected from at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the event is a lack of communication associated with the first phase controller.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one first switch comprise a first high-voltage switch and a first low-voltage switch, wherein the at least one second switch comprise a second high-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch, wherein communicating the braking signals comprises causing:
a first state wherein a first high-voltage switch and a second high-voltage switch are closed for a first time period;
a second state wherein a first low-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch are closed for a second time period that does not overlap the first time period; and
a third state wherein the first high-voltage switch, the second high-voltage switch, the first low-voltage switch, and the second low-voltage switch are all open for a third time period that does not overlap the first time period or the second time period.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein communicating the braking signals is independent of position information of the translator.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein communicating the braking signals is independent of phase current information of each phase of the plurality of phases.
15. The method of claim 9 , further comprising transmitting a communication signal to a third phase controller indicating that the braking has occurred.
16. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one first switch comprise a first high-voltage switch and a first low-voltage switch, wherein the at least one second switch comprise a second high-voltage switch and a second low-voltage switch, wherein the braking signals comprise at least one of:
a first set of signals comprising:
a first signal applied to activate both the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch for a first time period, and to open the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch for a second time period, and
a second signal applied to open both the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch during both the first time period and the second time period; or
a second set of signals comprising:
a third signal applied to activate both the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch for a third time period, and to open the first low-voltage switch and the second low-voltage switch for a fourth time period, and
a fourth signal applied to open both the first high-voltage switch and the second high-voltage switch during both the third time period and the fourth time period.
17. A non-transient computer readable medium comprising non-transitory computer readable instructions for braking a translator of a linear electromagnetic machine (LEM), wherein:
each phase of the LEM comprises a respective first phase lead and a respective second phase lead;
each first phase lead is coupled to at least one first switch coupled across a DC bus;
each second phase lead is coupled to at least one second switch coupled across the DC bus, the non-transitory computer readable instructions comprising:
an instruction for detecting an event;
instructions for, in response to detecting the event:
automatically communicating braking signals to the at least one first switch to cause the translator to brake, and
sending a communication signal to a second phase controller indicating that braking has occurred.
18. The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the event is selected from at least one of:
an event associated with a controller;
an event associated with an encoder;
an event associated with a switch coupled to a phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with a grid-tie inverter;
an event associated with a shorted phase of the plurality of phases;
an event associated with communication between one or more control subsystems; or
an event associated with an operating parameter value of the LEM.
19. The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the event is a lack of communication associated with the first phase controller.
20. The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 17 , further comprising an instruction for transmitting a communication signal to a third phase controller indicating that the braking has occurred.