Destruction of PFAS via an oxidation process and apparatus suitable for transportation to contaminated sites
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water can be concentrated and prepared for destruction in a pretreatment phase. Following annihilation of the PFAS in supercritical conditions to levels below 5 parts per trillion (ppt), the water effluent can be used to recover heat, returned to sub-critical conditions, and then released back into the environment.
1. A method of destroying PFAS in a PFAS-containing aqueous mixture, comprising:
subjecting the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture to a separation procedure and separating the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture into:
a PFAS-enriched fraction and a PFAS-depleted fraction;
heating at least a portion of the PFAS-depleted fraction to a temperature of at least 300° C. to form a heated PFAS-depleted fraction; and
prior to a supercritical destruction phase, combining the heated PFAS-depleted fraction with the PFAS-enriched fraction to form a hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture; or
a first salt-enriched fraction and a salt-depleted fraction, heating the salt-depleted fraction to a temperature of at least 300° C. to form a heated salt-depleted fraction; prior to a supercritical destruction phase, and combining the heated salt-depleted fraction with a lower temperature first fraction to form a hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture; and
reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the separation procedure comprises separating into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction by reverse osmosis.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is separated into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction and wherein the salt-enriched fraction is heated to volatilize PFAS and then condensing the volatilized PFAS to form a solution of recovered PFAS, wherein the recovered PFAS constitutes the first fraction, and then subjecting the recovered PFAS to the supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is separated into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction and wherein the salt-depleted fraction is heated by heat exchange with effluent from the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the salt-depleted fraction is heated to at least 300° C. by heat exchange with effluent from a SCWO reactor and is then further heated in a secondary heat exchange step to a temperature that is at least 100° C. higher than the highest temperature of the heat exchange step.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is separated into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction and wherein the salt-depleted fraction is heated to a temperature of at least 500° C. prior to mixing in a mixing tee to form the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture prior to the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is separated into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction and wherein the salt-depleted fraction is passed into a heat exchanger for heating the salt-depleted fraction.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein salt-depleted effluent from the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase comprises 1 ppm or less PFAS.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase occurs in a reactor that comprises a pipe having interior walls coated with a coating that resists corrosion by HF.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein salt is removed from the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture or wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is separated into the first salt-enriched fraction and the salt-depleted fraction and the salt removed from the salt-enriched fraction by spraying the aqueous mixture or salt-enriched portion through a nozzle wherein a solid salt forms on the nozzle.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase occurs in a SCWO reactor wherein the SCWO reactor comprises a pipe, and adding a fuel to the mixture that passes through the SCWO reactor to provide heat within the reactor so that no additional heating for the SCWO reactor is required.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is preconcentrated by passing microbubbles through the aqueous mixture and collecting a fraction of PFAS-enriched water from the top of the mixture.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to the separation procedure, the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppm PFOA and the method decreases the PFOA concentration by at least 10 6 .
14. The method of claim 1 , comprising adding 0.5 to 5 wt % organic fuel to the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein no external heating for the step of reacting the hot PFAS-containing aqueous mixture with an oxidant under supercritical conditions in the supercritical destruction phase is required after start-up.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to the separation procedure, the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture is a solids-containing mixture comprising at least 5% wt % solids.
17. The method of claim 16 , comprising passing the solids-containing mixture through a transpiring wall reactor with a curved floor or ceiling.
18. A method of destroying PFAS in a PFAS-containing aqueous mixture, comprising: separating the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture into a first salt-enriched fraction and a salt-depleted fraction by reverse osmosis; heating the salt-enriched fraction to volatilize PFAS and then condensing the volatilized PFAS to form a solution of recovered PFAS; and reacting the recovered PFAS with an aqueous oxidant under supercritical conditions.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein, prior to the separation procedure, the PFAS-containing aqueous mixture comprises at least 100 ppm PFOA and the method decreases the PFOA concentration by at least 10 6 .
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of reacting the recovered PFAS with an aqueous oxidant under supercritical conditions occurs for 20 sec or less.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the step of reacting the recovered PFAS with an aqueous oxidant under supercritical conditions produces an effluent and treating the effluent with a solution comprising NaOH, LiOH, or KOH to produce a neutralized solution that is recycled to neutralize additional produced effluent.
22. A system for destroying PFAS, comprising:
a first inlet conduit for passing a PFAS-containing aqueous stream into a mixing tee;
a second inlet conduit for passing a heated stream of clean water into the mixing tee;
a conduit connecting the mixing tee to an inlet of a SCWO reactor;
an outlet of the SCWO reactor connected to a salt separator;
the salt separator comprising an effluent outlet: configured to pass effluent clean water from the salt separator to a heat exchanger that is configured to heat the effluent clean water that leaves the heat exchanger and enters the mixing tee, or configured to pass effluent clean water from the salt separator into the mixing tee.
23. The method of claim 18 , comprising: prior to the reverse osmosis step: passing PFAS-contaminated water into a tank, wherein the water is super-saturated with air; wherein pressure in the tank is relatively low such that bubbles are generated in the water and create a foamed mixture; and collecting the foamed mixture.
24. The system of claim 22 , wherein the effluent outlet is configured to pass the effluent clean water to the heat exchanger that is configured to heat the clean water that leaves the heat exchanger and enters the mixing tee.
25. The system of claim 22 , wherein the effluent outlet is configured to pass the effluent clean water into the mixing tee.