Downhole pulse generation
A method and system for downhole pulse generation determines an optimal frequency and, in some embodiments, amplitude of axial pressure pulses to maximize the rate of penetration. Specifically, one or more sensors may be disposed on or near an axial oscillation tool that provides near real-time raw sensor data relating to speed, velocity, and acceleration of the tool. With this sensor data, an optimal set of parameters, namely an optimal frequency and, in some embodiments, amplitude may be determined based on the hydraulic conditions and frictional forces of the actual drilling environment. An optimizing control system may directly communicate these parameters to the axial oscillation tool or pass the parameters to an axial oscillation tool control system that controls the operation of the tool. Advantageously, frictional forces may be substantially reduced, the rate of penetration may be substantially enhanced, and power consumption may be intelligently managed.
1. A method of downhole pulse generation comprising:
commanding the axial oscillation tool to generate an axial pressure pulse or series of axial pressure pulses corresponding to a swept sinusoid having an initial amplitude, initial frequency, and frequency step size;
measuring an output response corresponding to oscillation of the drill string system;
determining a measured amplitude of the output response at each frequency step;
calculating a ratio of measured amplitude to an initial amplitude at each frequency step constituting an unparameterized data set;
parameterizing the data set to generate a transmissibility curve function;
determining a dominant frequency from the transmissibility curve function; and
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the predetermined frequency to the dominant frequency.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein commanding the axial oscillation tool comprises commanding the axial oscillation tool directly or indirectly via an axial oscillation control system.
3. A method of downhole pulse generation comprising:
commanding an axial oscillation tool to generate an initial axial pressure pulse or series of axial pressure pulses having a predetermined amplitude and frequency down a drill string system;
receiving raw sensor data from a sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
performing a Fast Fourier Transform of the raw sensor data to obtain frequency-domain sensor output data;
determining a dominant frequency from the frequency-domain sensor output data; and
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the predetermined frequency to the dominant frequency.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein commanding the axial oscillation tool comprises commanding the axial oscillation tool directly or indirectly via an axial oscillation tool control system.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the time-domain sensor output data comprises axial acceleration, axial displacement, or axial acceleration and axial displacement as a function of time.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the frequency-domain sensor output data comprises axial acceleration, axial displacement, or axial acceleration and axial displacement as a function of frequency.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the dominant frequency corresponds to a frequency at which acceleration, axial displacement, or axial acceleration and axial displacement as a function of frequency has a maximum value.
8. A method of downhole pulse generation comprising:
commanding an axial oscillation tool to generate an axial pressure pulse or a series of axial pressure pulses having an initial amplitude and frequency down a drill string system;
measuring an output response corresponding to oscillation of the drill string system;
determining a dominant frequency of the output response;
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the initial frequency to the dominant frequency;
determining a downhole velocity for the initial amplitude;
determining an optimal amplitude that maximizes downhole velocity; and
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the initial amplitude to the optimal amplitude.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein determining the dominant frequency comprises:
receiving raw sensor data from a sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
performing a Fast Fourier Transform of the raw sensor data to obtain frequency-domain sensor output data; and
determining the dominant frequency from the frequency-domain sensor output data.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein commanding the axial oscillation tool to generate the axial pressure pulse or the series of axial pressure pulses comprises:
commanding the axial oscillation tool to generate the axial pressure pulse or the series of axial pressure pulses corresponding to a swept sinusoid having the initial amplitude and a frequency step size.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein determining the dominant frequency comprises:
determining a measured amplitude of the output response at each frequency step;
calculating a ratio of measured amplitude to an initial amplitude at each frequency step constituting an unparameterized data set;
parameterizing the data set to generate a maximum output frequency curve; and
determining the dominant frequency from the maximum output frequency curve.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein determining the downhole velocity comprises:
setting an initial position and velocity for downhole;
calculating a displacement as a function of time based on the initial position, velocity, and period of oscillation of the drill string system; and
calculating the downhole velocity based on the displacement per period.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein calculating the displacement as a function of time comprises:
double integration of acceleration as a function of time over a single period.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein determining the optimal amplitude comprises:
commanding the axial oscillation tool to increment the initial amplitude by a predetermined amount;
receiving raw sensor data from the sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
determining a second downhole velocity for the initial amplitude plus the predetermined increment;
commanding the axial oscillation tool to decrement the initial amplitude by the predetermined amount;
receiving raw sensor data from the sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
determining a third downhole velocity for the initial amplitude minus the predetermined increment;
determining a maximum downhole velocity from the initial, second, and third downhole velocities; and
determining the optimal amplitude corresponding to the maximum downhole velocity.
15. A method of downhole pulse generation comprising:
commanding an axial oscillation tool to generate an initial axial pressure pulse or a series of axial pressure pulses having an initial amplitude and frequency down a drill string system;
determining a dominant frequency of an output response corresponding to oscillation of the drill string system;
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the initial frequency to the dominant frequency;
determining an all directions speed for the initial amplitude;
determining an optimal amplitude that maximizes the all directions speed; and
commanding the axial oscillation tool to change the initial amplitude to the optimal amplitude.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein determining the dominant frequency comprises:
receiving raw sensor data from a sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
performing a Fast Fourier Transform of the raw sensor data to obtain frequency-domain sensor output data; and
determining the dominant frequency from the frequency-domain sensor data.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein commanding the axial oscillation tool to generate the axial pressure pulse or the series of axial pressure pulses comprises:
commanding the axial oscillation tool to generate the axial pressure pulse or the series of axial pressure pulses corresponding to a swept sinusoid having the initial amplitude and a frequency step size.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein determining the dominant frequency comprises:
determining a measured amplitude of the output response at each frequency step;
calculating a ratio of measured amplitude to an initial amplitude at each frequency step constituting an unparameterized data set;
parameterizing the data set to generate a maximum output frequency curve; and
determining the dominant frequency from the maximum output frequency curve.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein determining the all direction speed comprises:
setting an initial position and velocity for downhole;
calculating a displacement as a function of time based on the initial position, velocity, and period of oscillation of the drill string; and
calculating the all directions speed based on the path length per period.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein calculating the displacement as a function of time comprises:
double integration of acceleration as a function of time evaluated at specific time.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein determining the optimal amplitude comprises:
commanding the axial oscillation tool to increment the initial amplitude by a predetermined amount;
receiving raw sensor data from the sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
determining a second all directions speed for the initial amplitude plus the predetermined increment;
commanding the axial oscillation tool to decrement the initial amplitude by the predetermined amount;
receiving raw sensor data from the sensor disposed on or near the axial oscillation tool, the raw sensor data comprising time-domain sensor output data;
determining a third all directions speed for the initial amplitude minus the predetermined increment;
determining a maximum downhole velocity from the initial, second, and third all directions speeds; and
determining the optimal amplitude corresponding to the maximum all directions speed.