Accelerometer-based gait analysis
Embodiments of systems and methods determine one or more gait parameters using acceleration readings generated by an accelerometer coupled to a user. Gait parameters determined by various embodiments may include step length, step width, step time, single limb support time, or double limb support time. The accelerometer may be coupled to one of the user's arms. Exemplary systems may comprise an accelerometer, a processor, and a non-transitory computer readable medium (NTCRM). The processor may process acceleration readings from the accelerometer according to instructions stored on the NTCRM to determine the one or more gait parameters. The processor may communicate the one or more gait parameters to a receiving device. Some embodiments of the system may function as self-contained units and some embodiments may present information corresponding to gait parameters or recommendations regarding gait.
1. A system for monitoring gait of a user comprising:
a wrist-worn accelerometer configured to measure a plurality of acceleration readings for an arm of a user over a time period;
one or more processors communicatively coupled to one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, the one or more processors configured to:
receive the plurality of acceleration readings for the arm of the user;
determine, based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a first window within the time period, a first angular measure corresponding to a first arm angle at a first position of an arm swing;
determine, based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a second window within the time period and subsequent to the first window, a second angular measure corresponding to a second arm angle at a second position of the arm swing;
determine an arc length for a hand of the user during the arm swing based at least in part on the first angular measure, the second angular measure, and an arm length of the user; and
determine a step length of the user based at least in part on the arc length for the hand of the user; and
a display communicatively coupled to the one or more processors and configured to provide a real time suggestion based at least in part on the step length, wherein the real time suggestion comprises a suggestion to take longer steps.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
identify a first minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for during the first window; and
identify a second minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for the second window, wherein:
(i) the second window is equal in duration to the first window,
(ii) a time of the first minimum reading coincides with the second position, and
(iii) a time of the second minimum reading coincides with the second position.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein (i) the one or more processors are further configured to determine a fundamental frequency using an autocorrelation function applied to the plurality of acceleration readings and (ii) a duration of the first window is a fraction of the fundamental frequency.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to (i) compare a first step length of a left leg to a second step length of a right leg to determine a measure of symmetry and (ii) provide user feedback associated with the measure of symmetry.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine a variability measure of a plurality of step lengths; and provide user feedback associated with the variability measure.
6. A method comprising:
receiving, by one or more processors and from a wrist-worn accelerometer configured to measure a plurality of acceleration readings for an arm of a user over a time period, the plurality of acceleration readings for the arm of the user over the time period;
determining, by the one or more processors based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a first window within the time period, a first angular measure corresponding to a first arm angle at a first position of an arm swing;
determining, by the one or more processors based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a second window within the time period and subsequent to the first window, a second angular measure corresponding to a second arm angle at a second position of the arm swing;
determining, by the one or more processors, an arc length for a hand of the user during the arm swing based at least in part on the first angular measure, the second angular measure, and an arm length of the user;
determining, by the one or more processors, a step length of the user based at least in part on the arc length for the hand of the user; and
providing, by the one or more processors and via a display, a real time suggestion based at least in part on the step length, wherein the real time suggestion comprises a suggestion to take longer steps.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
identifying a first minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for the first window; and
identifying a second minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for the second window, wherein:
(i) the second window is equal in duration to the first window,
(ii) a time of the first minimum reading coincides with the first position, and
(iii) a time of the second minimum reading coincides with the second position.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising:
determining a fundamental frequency using an autocorrelation function applied to the plurality of acceleration readings, wherein a duration of the first window is a fraction of the fundamental frequency.
9. The method of claim 6 further comprising comparing step lengths of a left leg to step lengths of a right leg to determine a measure of symmetry and provide user feedback associated with the measure of symmetry.
10. The method of claim 6 further comprising:
determining a variability measure of a plurality of step lengths; and
providing user feedback associated with the variability measure to the display.
11. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
receive, from a wrist-worn accelerometer configured to measure a plurality of acceleration readings for an arm of a user over a time period, the plurality of acceleration readings for the arm of the user over the time period;
determine, based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a first window within a time period, a first angular measure corresponding to a first arm angle at a first position of an arm swing;
determine, based on one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for a second window within the time period and subsequent to the first window, a second angular measure corresponding to a second arm angle at a second position of the arm swing;
determine an arc length for a hand of the user during the arm swing based at least in part on the first angular measure, the second angular measure, and an arm length of the user;
determine a step length of the user based at least in part on the arc length for the hand of the user; and
provide, via a display, a real time suggestion based at least in part on the step length, wherein the real time suggestion comprises a suggestion to take longer steps.
12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 11 , wherein the one or more processors are further caused to:
identify a first a minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for the first window; and
identify a second minimum reading from the one or more of the plurality of acceleration readings for the second window, wherein:
(i) the second window is equal in duration to the first window,
(ii) a time of the first minimum reading coincides with the first position, and
(iii) a time of the second minimum reading coincides with the second position.
13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 12 , wherein (i) the one or more processors are further caused to determine a fundamental frequency using an autocorrelation function applied to the plurality of acceleration readings, and (ii) a duration of the first window is a fraction of the fundamental frequency.
14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 11 , wherein the one or more processors are further caused to (i) compare a first step length of a left leg to a second step length of a right leg to determine a measure of symmetry and (ii) provide user feedback associated with the measure of symmetry.
15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 11 , wherein the one or more processors are further caused to:
determine a variability measure of a plurality of step lengths; and
provide user feedback associated with the variability measure.