Systems and methods for forming short-fiber films, composites comprising thermosets, and other composites
The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for composites, including short-fiber films and other composites. In certain aspects, composites comprising a plurality of aligned fibers are provided. The fibers may be substantially aligned, and may be present at relatively high densities within the composite. For example, the composite may include substantially aligned carbon fibers embedded within a thermoplastic substrate. The composites may be prepared, in some aspects, by dispersing fibers by neutralizing the electrostatic interactions between the fibers, for example using aqueous liquids containing the fibers that are able to neutralize the electrostatic interactions that typically occur between the fibers. The liquids may be applied to a substrate, and the fibers may be aligned using techniques such as shear flow and/or magnetism. Other aspects are generally directed to methods of using such composites, kits including such composites, or the like.
1. An article, comprising:
a composite comprising a substrate and a plurality of discontinuous fibers contained within at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned at a fiber volume fraction of at least 30 vol % within the entire composite, wherein the discontinuous fibers comprise carbon fibers having a carbon content greater than 94% and a modulus of at least 200 GPa, and wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned orthogonally to the substrate.
2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 40 vol %.
3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic.
4. The article of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyphenylesulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyamide 46 (PA46), polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12), polyamide 11 (PA11), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), polyamide 6.6/6 (PA6.6/6), amorphous polyamide (PA6-3-T), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphthalamide (PPA), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenyl ether (PPE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly-para-phenylene-copolymer (PPP), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenimine, polyetherketonetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP).
5. The article of claim 1 , wherein the discontinuous fibers further comprise natural fibers.
6. The article of claim 1 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with a coating.
7. The article of claim 6 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with sizing.
8. The article of claim 1 , wherein the discontinuous fibers have an anisotropic diamagnetic response in response to a magnetic field.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the discontinuous fibers exhibit a physical response to a magnetic field strength of 10 T.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of discontinuous fibers are aligned.
11. The article of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the plurality of discontinuous fibers have a plurality of magnetic particles adsorbed thereto.
12. The article of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers are free of magnetic particles.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein the composite is substantially free of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the composite is wound into a roll.
15. The article of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is one of a plurality of layers within the composite.
16. The article of claim 1 , wherein the composite further comprises a binder binding the substrate and the plurality of discontinuous fibers.
17. The article of claim 1 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 50 vol%.
18. The article of claim 1 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 70 vol%.
19. The article of claim 1 , wherein the composite has a maximum cross-sectional thickness of less than 1 cm.
20. The article of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned in parallel.
21. An article, comprising:
a composite comprising a substrate and a plurality of discontinuous fibers contained within at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned at a fiber volume fraction of at least 30 vol % within the entire composite, wherein the discontinuous fibers have an anisotropic diamagnetic response in response to a magnetic field, and wherein the discontinuous fibers comprise carbon fibers having a carbon content greater than 94% and a modulus of at least 200 GPa.
22. The article of claim 21 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 40 vol %.
23. The article of claim 21 , wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic.
24. The article of claim 21 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyphenylesulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyamide 46 (PA46), polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12), polyamide 11 (PA11), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), polyamide 6.6/6 (PA6.6/6), amorphous polyamide (PA6-3-T), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphthalamide (PPA), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenyl ether (PPE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly-para-phenylene-copolymer (PPP), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenimine, polyetherketonetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP).
25. The article of claim 21 , wherein the discontinuous fibers further comprise natural fibers.
26. The article of claim 21 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with a coating.
27. The article of claim 26 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with sizing.
28. The article of claim 21 , wherein the discontinuous fibers exhibit a physical response to a magnetic field strength of 10 T.
29. The article of claim 21 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of discontinuous fibers are aligned.
30. The article of claim 21 , wherein at least some of the plurality of discontinuous fibers have a plurality of magnetic particles adsorbed thereto.
31. The article of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers are free of magnetic particles.
32. The article of claim 21 , wherein the composite is substantially free of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials.
33. The article of claim 21 , wherein the composite is wound into a roll.
34. The article of claim 21 , wherein the substrate is one of a plurality of layers within the composite.
35. The article of claim 21 , wherein the composite further comprises a binder binding the substrate and the plurality of discontinuous fibers.
36. The article of claim 21 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 50 vol%.
37. The article of claim 21 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 70 vol%.
38. The article of claim 21 , wherein the composite has a maximum cross-sectional thickness of less than 1 cm.
39. The article of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned orthogonally to the substrate.
40. The article of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned in parallel.
41. An article, comprising:
a composite comprising a substrate and a plurality of discontinuous fibers contained within at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned at a fiber volume fraction of at least 30 vol % within the entire composite and have an anisotropic diamagnetic response in response to a magnetic field, wherein the composite further comprises a binder binding the substrate and the plurality of discontinuous fibers, wherein the discontinuous fibers comprise carbon fibers having a carbon content greater than 94% and a modulus of at least 200 GPa.
42. The article of claim 41 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 40 vol %.
43. The article of claim 41 , wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic.
44. The article of claim 41 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyphenylesulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyamide 46 (PA46), polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12), polyamide 11 (PA11), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), polyamide 6.6/6 (PA6.6/6), amorphous polyamide (PA6-3-T), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphthalamide (PPA), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenyl ether (PPE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly-para-phenylene-copolymer (PPP), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenimine, polyetherketonetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP).
45. The article of claim 41 , wherein the discontinuous fibers further comprise natural fibers.
46. The article of claim 41 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with a coating.
47. The article of claim 46 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with sizing.
48. The article of claim 41 , wherein the discontinuous fibers exhibit a physical response to a magnetic field strength of 10 T.
49. The article of claim 41 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of discontinuous fibers are aligned.
50. The article of claim 41 , wherein at least some of the plurality of discontinuous fibers have a plurality of magnetic particles adsorbed thereto.
51. The article of claim 41 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers are free of magnetic particles.
52. The article of claim 41 , wherein the composite is substantially free of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials.
53. The article of claim 41 , wherein the composite is wound into a roll.
54. The article of claim 41 , wherein the substrate is one of a plurality of layers within the composite.
55. The article of claim 41 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 50 vol%.
56. The article of claim 41 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 70 vol%.
57. The article of claim 41 , wherein the composite has a maximum cross-sectional thickness of less than 1 cm.
58. The article of claim 41 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned orthogonally to the substrate.
59. The article of claim 41 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned in parallel.
60. An article, comprising:
a composite comprising a substrate and a plurality of discontinuous fibers contained within at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned at a fiber volume fraction of at least 30 vol% within the entire composite, wherein the discontinuous fibers comprise carbon fibers having a carbon content greater than 94% and a modulus of at least 200 GPa, and wherein the discontinuous fibers exhibit a physical response to a magnetic field strength of 10 T.
61. The article of claim 60 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 40 vol%.
62. The article of claim 60 , wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic.
63. The article of claim 60 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyphenylesulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyamide 46 (PA46), polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12), polyamide 11 (PA11), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), polyamide 6.6/6 (PA6.6/6), amorphous polyamide (PA6-3-T), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphthalamide (PPA), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenyl ether (PPE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly-para-phenylene-copolymer (PPP), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenimine, polyetherketonetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP).
64. The article of claim 60 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with a coating.
65. The article of claim 60 , wherein the discontinuous fibers have an anisotropic diamagnetic response in response to a magnetic field.
66. The article of claim 60 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of discontinuous fibers are aligned.
67. The article of claim 60 , wherein the composite is substantially free of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials.
68. The article of claim 60 , wherein the substrate is one of a plurality of layers within the composite.
69. The article of claim 60 , wherein the composite further comprises a binder binding the substrate and the plurality of discontinuous fibers.
70. The article of claim 60 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 50 vol%.
71. The article of claim 60 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned orthogonally to the substrate.
72. The article of claim 60 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned in parallel.
73. An article, comprising:
a composite comprising a substrate and a plurality of discontinuous fibers contained within at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned at a fiber volume fraction of at least 30 vol% within the entire composite, wherein the discontinuous fibers comprise carbon fibers having a carbon content greater than 94% and a modulus of at least 200 GPa, and wherein at least some of the plurality of discontinuous fibers have a plurality of magnetic particles adsorbed thereto.
74. The article of claim 73 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 40 vol%.
75. The article of claim 73 , wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic.
76. The article of claim 73 , wherein the substrate comprises one or more of polyimide (PI), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone (PEK), polyphenylesulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), polyamide 46 (PA46), polyamide 66 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12), polyamide 11 (PA11), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), polyamide 6.6/6 (PA6.6/6), amorphous polyamide (PA6-3-T), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyphthalamide (PPA), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenyl ether (PPE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly-para-phenylene-copolymer (PPP), polyacrylonitrile, polyethylenimine, polyetherketonetherketoneketone (PEKEKK), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), and/or polymethylpentene (PMP).
77. The article of claim 73 , wherein the discontinuous fibers are coated with a coating.
78. The article of claim 73 , wherein the discontinuous fibers have an anisotropic diamagnetic response in response to a magnetic field.
79. The article of claim 73 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of discontinuous fibers are aligned.
80. The article of claim 73 , wherein the composite is substantially free of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic materials.
81. The article of claim 73 , wherein the substrate is one of a plurality of layers within the composite.
82. The article of claim 73 , wherein the composite further comprises a binder binding the substrate and the plurality of discontinuous fibers.
83. The article of claim 73 , wherein the fiber volume fraction is at least 50 vol%.
84. The article of claim 73 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned orthogonally to the substrate.
85. The article of claim 73 , wherein the plurality of discontinuous fibers is substantially aligned in parallel.