Additive manufacturing methods using aluminum-rare earth alloys and products made using such methods
Described herein are additive manufacturing methods and products made using such methods. The alloy compositions described herein are specifically selected for the additive manufacturing methods and provide products that exhibit superior mechanical properties as compared to their cast counterparts. Using the compositions and methods described herein, products that do not exhibit substantial coarsening, such as at elevated temperatures, can be obtained. The products further exhibit uniform microstructures along the print axis, thus contributing to improved strength and performance. Additives also can be used in the alloys described herein.
1. An additive manufacturing method for making a product, comprising:
a) forming a first layer with a first aluminum alloy composition;
b) forming a first shaped alloy layer from the first aluminum alloy composition by exposing all or a portion of the first layer to an energy source;
c) forming a second layer on the first shaped alloy layer with a second aluminum alloy composition; and
d) forming a second shaped alloy layer from the second aluminum alloy composition by exposing all or a portion of the second layer to the energy source, thereby forming the second shaped alloy layer adjacent to the first shaped alloy layer;
wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition comprises 4 wt % to 60 wt % Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or any combination thereof; at least 5 wt % Mg; and aluminum; and
wherein the product made by the additive manufacturing method has a Vickers hardness that changes by less than 20% when exposed to a 400° C. environment for 24 hours, wherein the Vickers hardness is measured by ASTM method E394.
2. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein steps a)-d) of the additive manufacturing method are repeated to add multiple additional shaped alloy layers stacked on the second shaped alloy layer.
3. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the first shaped alloy layer is formed adjacent to one or more additional additively manufactured shaped alloy layers.
4. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein each shaped alloy layer formed during the additive manufacturing method exhibits a microstructure along a print axis defined during the additive manufacturing method, the microstructure being the same or substantially the same as a microstructure of other shaped alloy layers formed during the additive manufacturing method.
5. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein an intermetallic phase comprising the Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or any combination thereof does not exhibit significant structural changes in average thickness of morphological features, average number density of features, average spacing of morphological features, or a combination thereof, during a post-additive heat treatment process as determined by comparing an SEM and/or optical micrograph of the product prior to the post-additive process with an SEM and/or optical micrograph of the product after the heated post-additive process.
6. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein no more than 0 .5% of the Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or any combination thereof is present as a solute in an aluminum matrix.
7. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein a feedstock used to form the first and/or second aluminum alloy compositions is a powder feedstock or a wire feedstock.
8. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the energy source is a laser or electron beam device and the additive manufacturing method further comprising changing a power, spot size, accelerating voltage, and/or velocity of the laser or electron beam device to obtain a selected microstructure of a shaped alloy layer at a specified location within the shaped alloy layer; or wherein the energy source is an induction device and an alternating current frequency melts and changes a microstructure of a shaped alloy layer formed with the additive manufacturing method.
9. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition further comprises an additive alloying component.
10. The additive manufacturing method of claim 9 , wherein the additive alloying component is selected from Si, Fe, Ni, Zn, or any combination thereof.
11. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition comprises 5 wt % to 15 wt % Mg and 0 wt % to 12 wt % Si; 0 wt % to 6 wt % Fe; 0 wt% to 5 wt% Ni; and 0 wt % to 6 wt % Zn.
12. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition comprises 4 wt % to 20 wt % Ce, La, or any combination thereof.
13. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition comprises 8 wt % to 16 wt % Ce, La, or any combination thereof.
14. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein the product has at least substantially uniform bulk mechanical properties.
15. The additive manufacturing method of claim 1 , wherein 40% to 100% by volume of the product comprises a eutectic structure, a semi-eutectic structure, or a combination thereof.
16. An additive manufacturing method for making a product, comprising:
a) forming a first layer with a first aluminum alloy composition;
b) forming a first shaped alloy layer from the first aluminum alloy composition by exposing all or a portion of the first layer to an energy source;
c) forming a second layer on the first shaped alloy layer with a second aluminum alloy composition; and
d) forming a second shaped alloy layer from the second aluminum alloy composition by exposing all or a portion of the second layer to an energy source, thereby forming the second shaped alloy layer adjacent to the first shaped alloy layer;
wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition comprises cerium in an amount ranging from 10 wt % to 16 wt % and magnesium in an amount of 5 wt % or more.
17. The additive manufacturing method of claim 16 , wherein the cerium is present in an amount of 12 wt %.
18. The additive manufacturing method of claim 17 , wherein the first aluminum alloy composition and/or the second aluminum alloy composition further comprises silicon, magnesium, or a combination thereof.