Systems and methods for using wire printing process data to predict material properties and part quality
Disclosed herein are systems and methods for using printing process data to predict quality measures for three-dimensional (3D) printed objects and properties of the materials comprising the 3D objects. Printing may be performed using resistive or Joule printing. The system may include a computer communicatively coupled to a 3D printing apparatus, which may store printing parameters. The 3D printing apparatus may be able to take measurements during a print job, and record those measurements in memory. The 3D printing apparatus may also be able to record printing states before, during, and/or after printing. A combination of printing states, printing parameters, and measurements may be analyzed, for example, by a machine learning algorithm, in order to predict material properties and quality measures.
1. A method for determining a quality of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising:
(a) obtaining a set of printing parameters and a predicted state of said 3D object, which predicted state is generated using at least said set of printing parameters;
(b) printing said 3D object in accordance with said printing parameters, which printing comprises (i) bringing a feedstock in contact with a support and (ii) directing flow of electrical current from said feedstock to said support, or vice versa, while said feedstock is in contact with said support;
(c) processing at least one measured parameter of said 3D object against at least one predicted parameter of said 3D object to yield a quality measure of said 3D object, wherein said at least one measured parameter is measured during or after printing of said 3D object, and wherein said at least one predicted parameter of said 3D object is from said predicted state; and
(d) electronically outputting said quality measure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least said set of printing parameters comprises a force with which said feedstock is pressed into a print pool, a temperature of a support on which said 3D object is printed, a voltage of said printing of said 3D object, or a current of said printing of said 3D object.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one measured parameter is a voltage, a current, an electrical resistance, a temperature at a location of said 3D object, a force with which said feedstock is pressed into a process pool, a thermal stress in said 3D object, or a thermal stress in said support.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said processing said at least one measured parameter comprises an image analysis of deposited material.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said obtaining of said predicted state is performed using iterative shooting or machine learning.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said predicted state is a thermal history of at least one portion of said 3D object, a chemical composition of said at least one portion of said 3D object, a stress of said at least one portion of said 3D object, a size of a grain of said 3D object, an orientation of grains of said 3D object, or a composition of metallic structures within grains of said 3D object.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said quality measure is strength, durability, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said quality measure is warp or dimensional instability.
9. A system for determining print quality for a three-dimensional (3D) printer, comprising:
at least one computer memory configured to maintain in memory a set of printing parameters, one or more predicted states, and at least one measured parameter; and
one or more computer processors operatively coupled to said at least one computer memory, wherein said one or more computer processors are individually or collectively configured to:
(i) obtain a set of printing parameters and a predicted state of said 3D object, which predicted state is generated using at least said set of printing parameters;
(ii) print said 3D object in accordance with said printing parameters, which printing comprises (i) bringing a feedstock in contact with a support and (ii) directing flow of electrical current from said feedstock to said support, or vice versa, while said feedstock is in contact with said support;
(iii) process at least one measured parameter of said 3D object against at least one predicted parameter of said 3D object to yield a quality measure of said 3D object, wherein said at least one measured parameter is measured during or after printing of said 3D object, and wherein said at least one predicted parameter of said 3D object is from said predicted state; and
(iv) electronically output said quality measure.
10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising one or more sensors configured to collect said at least one measured parameter.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein said one or more sensors is selected from the group consisting of an electronic force meter, a barometer, a thermometer, a voltmeter, a multimeter, and an X-ray unit.
12. The system of claim 9 , wherein said quality measure is warp or dimensional instability.
13. The system of claim 9 , wherein said quality measure is strength, durability, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, or a combination thereof.
14. The system of claim 9 , wherein said one or more computer processors are individually or collectively configured, in (iii), to process said at least one measured parameter of said 3D object against said at least one predicted parameter of said 3D object to further yield at least one predicted property of said 3D object.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein said at least one predicted property is a maximum tensile strength, a yield strength, a maximum elongation at failure, a resistance to creep, or a fatigue property.
16. The system of claim 9 , wherein said at least one measured parameter is a voltage, a current, an electrical resistance, is a temperature at a location of the 3D object, a force with which said feedstock is pressed into a process pool, a thermal stress in said 3D object, or a thermal stress in said support.
17. The system of claim 9 , wherein said one or more predicted states is a thermal history of at least one portion of said 3D object, a chemical composition of said at least one portion of said 3D object, a stress of said at least one portion of said 3D object, a size of a grain of said 3D object, an orientation of grains of said 3D object, or a composition of metallic structures within grains of said 3D object.
18. The system of claim 9 , wherein said set of printing parameters comprises a force with which said feedstock is pressed into a print pool, a temperature of said support on which said 3D object is printed, a voltage of printing said 3D object, or a current of printing said 3D object.
19. The system of claim 9 , wherein said one or more computer processors are individually or collectively configured to obtain said predicted state using iterative shooting or machine learning.
20. The system of claim 9 , wherein said one or more computer processors are individually or collectively configured to process said at least one measured parameter using an image analysis of deposited material.