Liquid flow induced power generation using nanoscale metal layers
Energy harvesting devices and methods for converting the mechanical energy of a flowing ionic solution, such as rainwater or seawater, into electric energy are provided. The energy harvesting devices include an electric current generating device that includes a metal layer and an amphoteric metal oxide film disposed over a surface of the metal layer. By moving an electric double layer across the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film, an electric current is generated in the metal layer.
1. A liquid flow-based device comprising:
a metal layer comprising a metal;
an amphoteric metal oxide film adjacent to the metal layer at an interface, the amphoteric metal oxide film having a surface disposed opposite the interface, wherein the metal layer has a thickness that facilitates charge carrier motion parallel to the interface; and
at least one of: an electronic device that consumes electrical power connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be powered by a current running parallel to the interface; an energy storage device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be charged by a current running parallel to the interface; a voltage measuring device configured to measure a voltage across the metal layer; and a current measuring device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to measure a current running parallel to the interface.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is disposed on a support comprising a magnet and the metal has magnetic susceptibility.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the amphoteric metal oxide film comprises metal oxide dendrites.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is an iron layer, and the amphoteric metal oxide film is an iron oxide film.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is an aluminum layer, and the amphoteric metal oxide film is an aluminum oxide film.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is a zinc layer, and the amphoteric metal oxide film is a zinc oxide film.
7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal layer is a nickel layer, and the amphoteric metal oxide film is a nickel oxide film.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate has a thickness of no greater than 50 nm.
9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the amphoteric metal oxide film has a thickness of no greater than 10 nm.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electronic device that consumes electrical power is connected laterally across the metal layer.
11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device is connected laterally across the metal layer.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the voltage measuring device or the current measuring device is connected laterally across the metal layer.
13. A method of harvesting energy using a liquid flow-based device comprising:
a metal layer comprising a metal;
an amphoteric metal oxide film adjacent to the metal layer at an interface, the amphoteric metal oxide film having a surface disposed opposite the interface, wherein the metal layer has a thickness that facilitates charge carrier motion parallel to the interface; and
at least one of: an electronic device that consumes electrical power connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be powered by a current running parallel to the interface; an energy storage device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be charged by a current running parallel to the interface; a voltage measuring device configured to measure a voltage across the metal layer; and a current measuring device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to measure a current running parallel to the interface, the method comprising:
exposing the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film to an intermittent flow of an ionic solution or to a flow of an ionic solution having a temporally varying ionic conductivity, wherein the intermittent flow or the temporally varying ionic conductivity generates a current in the metal layer; and
powering the electronic device or charging the energy storage device with the generated current.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the metal layer is disposed on a support comprising a magnet, and the metal has magnetic susceptibility, and further wherein the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film is exposed to the intermittent flow of the ionic solution or to the flow of the ionic solution having a temporally varying ionic conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field produced by the magnet.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ionic solution is an aqueous salt solution.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the flow of the ionic solution is intermittent.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the intermittent flow comprises discrete droplets of the ionic solution.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the intermittent flow comprises waves of the ionic solution.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the flow of the ionic solution has a temporally varying ionic conductivity.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the flow of the ionic solution is provided by a liquid stream comprising sections of a first ionic solution having a first ionic conductivity alternating with sections of a second ionic solution having a lower ionic conductivity than the first ionic solution.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein the ionic solution comprises salinized water from a natural body of water.
22. A method of monitoring the flow of an ionic solution using a liquid flow-based device comprising:
a metal layer comprising a metal;
an amphoteric metal oxide film adjacent to the metal layer at an interface, the amphoteric metal oxide film having a surface disposed opposite the interface, wherein the metal layer has a thickness that facilitates charge carrier motion parallel to the interface; and
at least one of: an electronic device that consumes electrical power connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be powered by a current running parallel to the interface; an energy storage device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to be charged by a current running parallel to the interface; a voltage measuring device configured to measure a voltage across the metal layer; and a current measuring device connected laterally across the metal layer and configured to measure a current running parallel to the interface, the method comprising:
exposing the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film to an intermittent flow of an ionic solution or to a flow of an ionic solution having a temporally varying ionic conductivity, wherein the intermittent flow or the temporally varying ionic conductivity generates a current in the metal layer; and
measuring the voltage across the metal layer as the ionic solution passes over the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the metal layer is disposed on a support comprising a magnet, and the metal has magnetic susceptibility, and further wherein the surface of the amphoteric metal oxide film is exposed to the intermittent flow of the ionic solution or to the flow of the ionic solution having a temporally varying ionic conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field produced by the magnet.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the ionic solution is an aqueous salt solution.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the flow of the ionic solution is intermittent.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the flow of the ionic solution has a temporally varying ionic conductivity.