Miniaturized noninvasive glucose sensor and continuous glucose monitoring system
Systems and methods are described herein for utilizing a photoacoustic sensor for estimating analyte concentration levels. Also described here are training methods for training an analyte sensor to more accurately estimate an analyte concentration level on the basis of a received acoustic signal.
1. A photoacoustic method for estimating analyte concentration levels in a target, the method comprising:
measuring, with a control circuit enclosed in a case of an analyte monitor, an impedance of the target via electrical impedance spectroscopy;
irradiating, with a light source enclosed in the case of the analyte monitor, the target with light of a first wavelength;
obtaining, with an acoustic sensor and a resonance chamber enclosed in the case of the analyte monitor, a primary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the first wavelength, wherein both the light source and the acoustic sensor face a surface of the target, and wherein the acoustic sensor at least partially extends into the resonance chamber; and
estimating, with the analyte monitor, an analyte concentration level in the target based on both of the obtained primary acoustic signal and the measured impedance of the target.
2. The photoacoustic method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying, using a heating element of the analyte monitor, heat to the target; and
measuring, with a thermal sensor of the analyte monitor, a thermal response of the target to the applied heat, wherein estimating the analyte concentration level comprises estimating the analyte concentration level in the target based additionally on the measured thermal response.
3. The photoacoustic method of claim 2 , further comprising:
irradiating, with the light source, the target with light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
obtaining, with the acoustic sensor, a secondary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the second wavelength; and
estimating, on the basis of the obtained secondary acoustic signal, a background absorption level of light, wherein estimating the analyte concentration level in the target comprises estimating the analyte concentration level additionally based on the estimated background absorption level of light.
4. The photoacoustic method of claim 1 , further comprising:
irradiating, with the light source, the target with light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
obtaining, with the acoustic sensor, a secondary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the second wavelength; and
determining, on the basis of the obtained second acoustic signal, an estimated background absorption level of light, wherein estimating the analyte concentration level in the target comprises estimating the analyte concentration level additionally based on the estimated background absorption level of light.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impedance of the target is measured non-invasively using first and second electrodes, the first and second electrodes being positioned to be in direct or indirect contact with the surface of the target.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a hydrogel pad is disposed on the surface of each of the first and second electrodes, the hydrogel pad configured to directly contact the surface of the target.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first and second electrodes are spaced apart by a distance of from 0.1 cm to 5 cm.
8. The photoacoustic method of claim 1 , wherein the light source and the acoustic sensor are positioned side-by-side and face a same direction towards the surface of the target.
9. A photoacoustic method for estimating analyte concentration levels in a target, the method comprising:
applying, using a heating element and a control circuit enclosed in a case of an analyte sensor, heat to the target;
measuring, with a thermal sensor and the control circuit enclosed in the case of the analyte sensor, a thermal response of the target to the applied heat;
irradiating, with a light source enclosed in the case of the analyte sensor, the target with light of a first wavelength;
obtaining, with an acoustic sensor and a resonance chamber enclosed in the case of the analyte sensor, a primary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the first wavelength, wherein both the light source and the acoustic sensor face a surface of the target, and wherein the acoustic sensor at least partially extends into the resonance chamber; and
estimating, with the control circuit of the analyte sensor, an analyte concentration level in the target based on both of the obtained primary acoustic signal and the measured thermal response.
10. The photoacoustic method of claim 9 , further comprising:
irradiating, with the light source, the target with light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
obtaining, with the acoustic sensor, a secondary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the second wavelength; and
determining, on the basis of the obtained secondary acoustic signal, an estimated background absorption level of light, wherein estimating the analyte concentration level in the target comprises estimating the analyte concentration level in the target based also on the estimated background absorption level of light.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the measured thermal response is thermal conductivity.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein a thermistor comprises both the heating element and the thermal sensor.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the measured thermal response is specific heat capacity.
14. A photoacoustic method for estimating analyte concentration levels in a target, the method comprising:
irradiating the target with light of a first wavelength from a light emitter enclosed in a case of an analyte sensor;
obtaining, with an acoustic sensor and a resonance chamber enclosed in the case of the analyte sensor, a primary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the first wavelength, wherein both the light emitter and the acoustic sensor face a surface of the target, and wherein the acoustic sensor at least partially extends into the resonance chamber;
irradiating the target with light of a second wavelength;
obtaining, with the acoustic sensor and the resonance chamber, a secondary acoustic signal generated by the target in response to the irradiation of the target with the light of the second wavelength;
determining, by a signal processor enclosed in the case of the analyte sensor and based on the obtained secondary acoustic signal, an estimated background absorption level of light; and
estimating an analyte concentration level in the target based on both of the obtained primary acoustic signal and the estimated background absorption level of light.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the irradiation of the target with the light of the first wavelength occurs at a different time from the irradiation of the target with the light of the second wavelength.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the irradiation of the target with the light of the first wavelength and the light of the second wavelength is performed simultaneously, by pulsing the light of the first wavelength with a first pulse frequency and, at the same time, pulsing the light of the second wavelength with a second pulse frequency, the first pulse frequency being different from the second pulse frequency.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first wavelength is selected so as to have a relatively stronger interaction with an analyte as compared to an interaction of the second wavelength with the analyte.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first wavelength has a value from around 8,700 nm to around 10,000 nm.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the first wavelength or the second wavelength is variable.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein irradiating the target with the light of the first wavelength comprises pulsing the light of the first wavelength with a pulse duration between 400 ns and 600 ns, a pulse repetition rate between 40 kHz and 60 kHz, or a combination thereof.