Ionically conductive powders and films, and methods of preparation
A solid ionically conductive composition (e.g., nanoparticles of less than 1 micron or a continuous film) comprising at least one element selected from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, zinc, copper, and silver in combination with at least two elements selected from oxygen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, gallium, indium, tin, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, transition metals, and lanthanides. Also described is a battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte (corresponding to the above ionically conductive composition) in contact with or as part of the anode and/or cathode. Further described is a thermal (e.g., plasma-based) method of producing the ionically conductive composition. Further described is a method for using an additive manufacturing (AM) process to produce an object constructed of the ionically conductive composition by use of particles of the ionically conductive composition as a feed material in the AM process.
1. A composition comprising ionically conductive particles having a composition comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, zinc, copper, and silver in combination with at least two elements selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, gallium, indium, tin, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, transition metals, and lanthanides, wherein said ionically conductive particles have a size in a range of 10-300 nm, are at least partially amorphous and have a spherical shape.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, phosphorus, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and transition metal atoms.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, phosphorus, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles are in consolidated form and shaped as a film.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles contain alkali metal atoms and tetrahedral oxyanion units, and the alkali metal atoms are included in an alkali metal to tetrahedral oxyanion molar ratio of at least 2.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles contain alkali metal atoms and tetrahedral oxyanion units, and the alkali metal atoms are included in an alkali metal to tetrahedral oxyanion molar ratio of at least 3.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles are fully amorphous.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive particles are at least 10% amorphous.
11. A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte in contact with or as part of the anode and/or cathode, wherein the solid electrolyte comprises the composition of claim 1 conductive composition comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, zinc, copper, and silver in combination with at least two elements selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, gallium, indium, tin, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, transition metals, and lanthanides.
12. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the particles are in consolidated form and shaped as a film.
13. The battery of claim 11 , wherein said solid electrolyte comprises a continuous film.
14. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the ionically conductive composition comprises lithium and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
15. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the ionically conductive composition comprises lithium, silicon, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
16. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the ionically conductive composition comprises lithium, silicon, phosphorus, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and transition metal atoms.
17. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the ionically conductive composition comprises lithium, silicon, phosphorus, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
18. A method for producing the composition of claim 1 , the method comprising subjecting a precursor material comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, zinc, copper, and silver in combination with at least two elements selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, gallium, indium, tin, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, transition metals, and lanthanides to a thermal process in which the precursor material is at least partially vaporized to undergo atomic rearrangement and subsequently cooled to result in production of the ionically conductive particles, wherein the ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising at least one of alkali metal atoms and alkaline earth metal atoms in combination with at least two elements selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, germanium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, transition metals, and lanthanide atoms, and wherein said ionically conductive particles have a size in a range of 10-300 nm.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the thermal process is a plasma process.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the plasma process is an inductive coupled plasma process.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the precursor material is a single material containing all elements contained in the resulting ionically conductive particles.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the precursor material is a mixture of materials containing all elements contained in the resulting ionically conductive particles.
23. The method of claim 18 , wherein both the precursor material and ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein both the precursor material and ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, nitrogen, and transition metal atoms.
25. The method of claim 18 , wherein both the precursor material and ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, phosphorus, and oxygen atoms in combination with at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and transition metal atoms.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein both the precursor material and ionically conductive particles have a composition comprising lithium, silicon, phosphorus, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
27. The method of claim 18 , wherein the precursor material, while at least partially vaporized, is subjected to a sufficiently rapid cooling process to render the ionically conductive particles at least partially amorphous.