Robotic stereotactic system for MRI-guided neurosurgery

1. A surgical robot for magnetic resonance imaging guided interventions, comprising:

a manipulator comprising a tendon-based upper actuator and a tendon-based lower actuator;

a mounting base connected to the lower actuator;

a needle guide; and

a needle disposed within the needle guide;

wherein each of the tendon-based upper actuator and the tendon-based lower actuator comprises:

a housing with a plurality of openings each configured to allow a tendon to pass therethrough;

two rotational joints connected to the housing;

two upper arms connected to the two rotational joints, respectively;

two forearms connected to the two upper arms, respectively, at a proximal end of each forearm by a passive joint; and

a passive ball joint connecting the two forearms at the distal end of each forearm,

wherein the needle guide is disposed within the ball joint of the upper actuator and of the lower actuator, and

wherein the mounting base has a plurality of screw holes for bone mounting.

2. The surgical robot of claim 1 , further comprising a needle stop and/or a linear actuator disposed on the needle.

3. The surgical robot of claim 1 , further comprising one or more MR-based trackers disposed on the needle guide.

4. The surgical robot of claim 1 , wherein the robot includes a plurality of manipulators.

5. The surgical robot of claim 1 , wherein the surgical robot is configured to be mounted on a skull.

6. The surgical robot of claim 1 , wherein the needle is a rigid straight surgical instrument.

7. The surgical robot of claim 1 , further comprising:

four tendons, the four tendons comprising two tendons inserted into the housing of the tendon-based upper actuator and two tendons inserted into the housing of the tendon-based lower actuator; and

two or more spools connected to each tendon of the four tendons, respectively,

wherein each tendon of the four tendons is connected to each rotational joint of each housing, respectively.

8. The surgical robot of claim 7 , wherein each tendon of the four tendons is channeled through a sheath, respectively.

9. The surgical robot of claim 8 , further comprising:

a first set comprising a plurality of pinion gears and rack gears, wherein each pinion gear of the first set is coupled to each spool, respectively; and

a plurality of hydraulic tubes, each tube connected at a first end to each rack gear of the first set, respectively, and filled with fluid,

wherein the fluid and each rack gear of the first set are separated by a first rolling diaphragm.

10. The surgical robot of claim 9 , further comprising:

a second set comprising a plurality of pinion gears and rack gears,

wherein each pinion gear of the second set is coupled to a motor,

wherein each rack gear of the second set is connected to an opposite end of each hydraulic tube, respectively, and

wherein the fluid and each rack gear of the second set are separated by a second rolling diaphragm.

11. A surgical robot for magnetic resonance imaging guided interventions, comprising:

two manipulators, each manipulator comprising a tendon-based upper actuator and a tendon-based lower actuator;

each tendon-based lower actuator of the two manipulators connected to a mounting base;

two needle guides; and

two needles, each needle disposed within a respective needle guide,

wherein each tendon-based upper actuator of the two manipulators and each tendon-based lower actuator of the two manipulators comprises:

a housing with a plurality of openings each configured to allow a tendon to pass therethrough;

two rotational joints connected to the housing;

two upper arms connected to the two rotational joints, respectively;

two forearms connected to the two upper arms, respectively, at a proximal end of each forearm by a passive joint; and

a passive ball joint connecting the two forearms at the distal end of each forearm,

wherein one of the needle guides is disposed within the ball joint of both the tendon-based upper actuator and the tendon-based lower actuator of each manipulator, respectively, and

wherein the mounting base has a plurality of screw holes for bone mounting.

12. The surgical robot of claim 11 , further comprising two needle stops and/or two linear actuators, each needle stop/linear actuator disposed on a respective needle.

13. The surgical robot of claim 11 , further comprising two or more MR-based trackers, each MR-based tracker disposed on a respective needle guide.

14. The surgical robot of claim 11 , further comprising:

a first set comprising a plurality of pinion gears and rack gears, wherein each pinion gear of the first set is coupled to each spool, respectively; and

a plurality of hydraulic tubes, each tube connected at a first end to each rack gear of the first set, respectively, and filled with fluid,

wherein the fluid and each rack gear of the first set are separated by a first rolling diaphragm.

15. The surgical robot of claim 11 , further comprising:

a second set comprising a plurality of pinion gears and rack gears,

wherein each rack gear of the second set is connected to an opposite end of each hydraulic tube, respectively, and

wherein the fluid and each rack gear of the second set are separated by a second rolling diaphragm.

16. The surgical robot of claim 11 , wherein the surgical robot is configured to be mounted on a skull.

17. The surgical robot of claim 11 , wherein each needle of the two needles is a rigid straight surgical instrument.

18. The surgical robot of claim 11 , further comprising:

eight tendons, the eight tendons comprising two tendons inserted into the housing of each tendon-based upper actuator of the two manipulators and two tendons inserted into the housing of each tendon-based lower actuator of the two manipulators; and

two or more spools connected to each tendon, respectively,

wherein each tendon of the eight tendons is connected to each rotational joint of each housing, respectively.

19. The surgical robot of claim 18 , wherein each tendon of the eight tendons is channeled through a sheath, respectively.