External electronic patch for accelerating bone healing or regeneration after trauma
An electronic patch, for stimulating tissue healing at a target site, is flexible enough to generally conform to a body surface adjacent to the target site, and includes: a battery or an arrangement of multiple batteries less than 5 mm thick; a capacitor connected directly with a coil in series; and pulse generating circuitry, powered by the battery or batteries. The circuitry repeatedly changes the voltage across the capacitor and coil, to produce pulses of current in the coil. The current produces a pulsed electromagnetic field at the target site for stimulating tissue healing, most of the electromagnetic field energy of each pulse being converted into electrostatic energy of the capacitor at the end of the pulse and back into electromagnetic field energy of the next pulse.
1. An electronic patch for stimulating tissue healing at a target site, comprising:
a) a battery or an arrangement of multiple batteries less than 5 mm thick;
b) a capacitor connected directly to a coil in series;
c) pulse generating circuitry, powered by the battery or batteries, which applies a voltage across the capacitor and coil in series, and repeatedly changes the voltage across the capacitor and coil in series, to produce pulses of current in the coil, the current producing an electromagnetic field at the target site for stimulating tissue healing, wherein more than 50% of the electromagnetic field energy of a pulse is transferred into electrostatic energy of the capacitor and converted back into electromagnetic field energy of a next pulse;
wherein the patch is flexible enough to generally conform to an external body surface adjacent to the target site, and wherein the pulse generating circuitry repeatedly changes the voltage by alternating between applying a voltage across the capacitor and coil in series for a duration of one pulse, and applying a different voltage across the capacitor and coil in series for a duration of a following pulse, producing consecutive pulses of about the same duration and with currents in opposite directions, and wherein the pulse generating circuitry is configured in a manner that, during the duration of one pulse upon a voltage being applied across the capacitor and coil in series, the capacitor completely discharges and charges up with an opposite polarity, before the different voltage is applied across the capacitor and coil in series.
2. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the durations of the pulses are about equal to half a wave period of an (LC) −1/2 resonance frequency of the coil and capacitor, to lowest order in a fraction of the electromagnetic field energy that is dissipated during each pulse, where L is an inductance of the coil and C is a capacitance of the capacitor.
3. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the pulse generator is configured to produce one or more further pulses during which the coil produces the electromagnetic field at the target site, with at least some of the pulses alternating with non-pulse periods in which the current in the coil is less than 3 μA.
4. The electronic patch according to claim 3 , wherein the pulse generator is configured to produce pulses at intervals in a manner that a duty cycle, defined as a ratio of durations of the pulses to the total time, is less than 1%.
5. The electronic patch according to claim 3 , wherein the non-pulse periods are between 0.02 and 0.5 seconds.
6. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein more than 90% of the electromagnetic field energy of a pulse is transferred into electrostatic energy of the capacitor and back into electromagnetic field energy of a next pulse.
7. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein any rigid component of the patch is no wider than 25 mm in a direction that the patch is flexible in, and any two rigid components of the patch, arranged in a direction that the patch is flexible in, are separated by at least 1.5 mm.
8. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , configured to produce current pulses that consume less than 2000 mA-hrs of battery current with the electronic patch running for 50 days.
9. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , less than 10 mm thick including the battery or batteries, the capacitor, the coil, and the pulse generating circuitry.
10. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein a duration of each pulse is between 5 microseconds and 100 microseconds, in steady state operation.
11. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the peak current in the coil is between 25 mA and 3 A.
12. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field at the target site is between 0.05 and 0.5 mT.
13. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the patch comprises a substrate of a flexible bio-compatible material, which provides the patch with flexibility.
14. The electronic patch according to claim 1 that is water resistant for two half-hour exposures to water each day for 50 days.
15. A method of treating a fractured bone site in a body part, comprising:
a) applying the electronic patch of claim 1 to an outer surface of the body part;
b) setting the body part in a cast that covers the electronic patch; and
c) while the electronic patch is covered by the cast, using the controller to produce an electromagnetic field at the fractured bone site suitable for stimulating tissue healing, during multiple pulses, with more than 50% of the electromagnetic field energy being transferred into electrostatic energy of the capacitor and back into electromagnetic field energy of a next pulse.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the electronic patch comprises a pressure sensor with a communications link to the outside of the cast, the method also comprising measuring a pressure of the cast against the body part, or the electronic patch comprises a blood oxygen sensor with a communications link to the outside of the cast, the method also comprising measuring a blood oxygen level in skin of the body part, or the electronic patch comprises both the pressure sensor and the blood oxygen sensor and the method also comprises measuring both the pressure of the cast and the blood oxygen level in the skin, at different times during the treatment of the bone site and communicating the measurement results over the communications link.
17. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , also comprising:
a) a pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of a cast worn by the patient over the electronic patch, or a blood oxygen sensor configured to measure a level of blood oxygen in skin of the patient adjacent to the electronic patch, or both; and
b) a communications link configured to communicate results of the sensor measurement or measurements.
18. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , for use on a cylindrical body part, sized to wrap at least part way around the cylindrical body part, with a first portion of the patch, comprising the coil, on one side, and a second portion of the patch comprising another coil, on another side, with the another coil also contributing to the electromagnetic field at the bone site while current flows in the another coil, and with the pulse generator configured to transfer more than 50% of the electromagnetic field energy of both coils for a pulse into electrostatic energy of the same and/or a different capacitor and back into electromagnetic field energy of both coils at a next pulse.
19. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , for producing a specified level of the electromagnetic field at a target site in a cylindrical body part, the electronic patch comprising a first portion and a second portion, and configured for placing the first portion on one side and the second portion on a different side of the cylindrical body part, the first portion comprising the coil, and the second portion comprising a second coil also configured to contribute to the electromagnetic field at the target site while pulses of current run through the second coil, the electronic patch also comprising a controller configured to:
a) measure an electromotive force (emf) voltage induced in the second coil based on the pulse generating circuitry generating pulses of current in the coil of the first portion;
b) use the measured emf voltage to estimate a required level of current for the coil in the first portion, or to estimate required levels of current for the coil in the first portion and for the second coil, to produce the specified level of the electromagnetic field at the target site; and
c) pass the required level of current for the coil in the first portion through that coil, or pass the required levels of current for the coil in the first portion and for the second coil through the coil in the first portion and through the second coil respectively, producing the specified level of electromagnetic field at the target site.
20. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , for producing a specified level of the electromagnetic field at a target site in a cylindrical body part, the electronic patch comprising a first portion and a second portion, and configured for placing the first portion on one side and the second portion on a different side of the cylindrical body part, the first portion comprising the coil, and the second portion comprising a second coil also configured to contribute to the electromagnetic field at the target site while pulses of current run through the second coil, the electronic patch also comprising a controller configured to:
a) measure an emf voltage induced in the second coil as the pulse generating circuitry generates pulses of current in the coil of the first portion;
b) repeat (a) at one or more different times during a course of tissue healing;
c) notify medical personnel once the emf voltage induced in the second coil by the current pulses increases or decreases over time at a rate that indicates a medically significant swelling or shrinking of the cylindrical body part.
21. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , comprising a first part with the battery or an arrangement of multiple batteries, the capacitor connected directly with the coil in series, and the pulse generating circuitry, and a second part with a second battery or arrangement of multiple batteries, a second capacitor connected directly with a second coil in series, and a second pulse generating circuitry powered by the second battery or batteries, which applies a voltage across the second capacitor and second coil in series, and repeatedly changes the voltage across the second capacitor and second coil in series, to produce pulses of current in the second coil, said current also contributing to the electromagnetic field at the target site for stimulating tissue healing during the pulses, most of the electromagnetic field energy of the second coil being converted into electrostatic energy of the second capacitor and converted back into electromagnetic field energy of the second coil at a next pulse.
22. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , adapted for stimulating tissue healing at a target site inside an injured limb, sized and sufficiently flexible to be applied around the circumference of the limb.
23. The electronic patch according to claim 1 , wherein the coil has a radius greater than 30 mm, or the electronic patch has a diameter between 50 mm and 100 mm, or both.