High dynamic range two-stage photopolymers

1. A monomer of formula (I):

wherein:

each instance of Y is independently O, S, or NH;

each instance of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

x is 1 or 2, wherein:

x is 1 and R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

 or

x is 2 and R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of:

 and

R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:

 and

R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H and —CH 3 ;

R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, and optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 heteroalkynyl.

2. The monomer of claim 1 , wherein x is 2 and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of:

and

3. The monomer of claim 1 , which has a refractive index of greater than about 1.6.

4. The monomer of claim 1 , which is photopolymerizable.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is

8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is

9. A polymer comprising the monomer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a holographic photopolymer.

10. The polymer of claim 9 , which has a refractive index of about 1.6 to about 1.7.

11. A composition comprising the monomer of claim 1 ; a matrix having a refractive index of less than about 1.5; and at least one photoinitiator.

12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the matrix comprises an urethane.

13. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the at least one photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of acetophenone, benzophenone, 2-phenylacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide, 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 2-methyl-(4-methylthienyl)-2-morpholinyl-1-propan-1-one, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphinate, lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate,

and

14. The composition of claim 11 , which is thermally cured at a temperature of about 50° C. to about 90° C.

15. The composition of claim 14 , which is further photopolymerized using UV radiation.

16. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the difference in the refractive index (Δn) of the matrix and the polymer is greater than about 0.02.

17. A method of preparing a holographic polymer, the method comprising polymerizing the composition of claim 11 to provide a holographic polymer.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the polymerizing comprises thermally curing the composition at a temperature of about 50° C. to about 90° C.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the polymerizing further comprises photopolymerizing the composition using UV radiation.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the at least one photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of acetophenone, benzophenone, 2-phenylacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide, 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 2-methyl-(4-methylthienyl)-2-morpholinyl-1-propan-1-one, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphinate, lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate,

and