Replication stress response biomarkers for immunotherapy response

1. A method of treating cancer in a patient comprising:

(a) assaying the mRNA expression levels of the genes MMP1, DKK3, and CYBA in a sample of the cancer from said patient;

(b) identifying the patient as having a MEK/ERK inhibitor and/or an immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitive cancer by calculating a signature score by normalizing the mRNA expression levels of said MMP1, DKK3, and CYBA genes to at least one reference gene and calculating a correlation coefficient between the coefficient of MMP1 of 6.019471, DKK3 of 5.224194, and CYBA of −6.16047 and the corresponding expression level in said sample, wherein a signature score indicative of a strong correlation identifies the patient as having a MEK/ERK inhibitor and/or an immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitive cancer; and

(c) administering an effective amount of a MEK/ERK inhibitor and/or an immune checkpoint inhibitor to said patient identified to have a MEK/ERK inhibitor and/or an immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitive cancer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer is a kidney cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma, a breast cancer, an ovarian cancer, a glioblastoma, a melanoma, a stomach cancer, or a bladder cancer.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the expression levels are analyzed by RNA sequencing, microarray analysis, labeled reporter probe hybridization and imaging, nanostring analysis, or qPCR.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a CTLA-4 inhibitor, PD-1 inhibitor, or PD-L1 inhibitor.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, spartalizumab, AMP-224, or AMP-514.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the MEK/ERK inhibitor is Trametinib, Cobimetinib, Binimetinib, Selumetinib, PD-325901, AZD 6244, or U0126.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising administering a second anti-cancer therapy.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the anti-cancer therapy is a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, a hormonal therapy, a targeted therapy, an immunotherapy or a surgical therapy.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is administered a MEK/ERK inhibitor.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is administered a MEK/ERK inhibitor and an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is administered an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA expression level is detected by microarray, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, nanostring assay, or in situ hybridization.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising assaying the mRNA expression levels of at least one additional gene from the group consisting of CCND2, SERPINB2, FST, IL1B, KRT6C, KRT14, GJA1, PLCH2, IFITM3, RAB38, IL13RA2, HAS3, MMP10, DPYSL3, DLL1, FBN2, BCAT1, PKP1, MTAP, WISPS, ARHGEF5L, SOX7, PRSS3, ARTN, NXN, FOXA2, SLC2A6, FEZ1, C1orf24, LOC651397, ERAP2, SLC35E3, ADAM19, HMGA2, RTTN, IGFBP7, MAOA, LPAR1, NTM, CNTNAP2, F2RL1, FGFBP1, IL24, CSF3, LOC375295, TUBB6, WNT7A, SPARC, FERMT1, RGS2, SLFN11, PRSS23, TMEM22, XRN2, MAMDC2, CYGB, ZBED2, SNCA, THBS1, SPHK1, IL1R2, FKBP11, NRG1, KRT6A, FAM129A, SNAI2, GPR81, SRPX, CDKN2A, TFPI2, LOC643272, TAGLN3, GADD45A, PLAU, GSTT1, TNFRSF19, NIPAL4, ISG15, LIMA1, KCTD12, ARHGAP23, PARD6G, AXL, ENTPD3, HS3ST2, KRT5, SERPINB1, ANO1, IGFL1, MARCH4, RFTN1, LAMAS, KRT6B, DLK2, SH2B3, AKAP12, JAG1, TMEM16A, WBP5, TNFRSF6B, ARMCX6, FLI1, LPXN, MTSS1, HES2, RPS23, THY1, SH2D5, IRF6, MT1G, IFIT1, FOSL1, SOCS2, HCLS1, NRCAM, TP73L, TNFRSF25, ANXA8L2, ILIA, TPST1, MTE, NLRP3, DKK1, TSPAN5, CSRP2, SLC31A2, KDELR3, HS3ST1, LOC100216001, FAT2, GNA15, CYP27B1, C20orf197, ARHGAP22, AFAP1L2, GALNT5, GRK5, RPS6KA4, SPAG1, ST3GAL5, CYR61, MMP9, TP63, UCA1, TMEM2, LOC729231, SNRPN, S100A2, SYK, COL17A1, LOC650517, TPX2, CTSC, RNASE7, TINAGL1, ISG20, TGFA, FRMD4A, PTHLH, PROCR, PHCA, TMEM156, SNRPB2, TMEM138, ADAMTS1, TRNP1, DUSP10, KRT17P3, CORO2A, RIN2, SFTA1P, CDKN2B, APOBEC3F, DFNA5, SERPINB13, KCNK6, TPST2, CTNNBL1, TBC1D2, SDHALP1, PCSK9, IL28RA, LOC653110, SNURF, LOC649679, SFN, FAM92A1, SLC2A3, F2R, LOC387882, GPR177, ETS2, CARD10, AUTS2, SLC2A9, DCBLD2, SHROOM2, ANXA8, CTNNAL1, RAP1BL, LPAR3, TRQ1, LOC642489, C20orf100, LOC644330, NCRNA00153, RGS12, ARHGDIB, SRC, CDCA4, E2F7, FOXD1, MYLK, C3orf54, CMTM7, IFIT2, NUDT11, YWHAB, APOBEC3G, PRNP, SPG3A, KCNG1, PABPC1L, COL7A1, TCEAL8, FKBP1A, DLL3, RRBP1, MT1X, WDFY2, PRSS2, EFNB1, ARID3B, ANXA10, LYPD5, AURKA, PAK6, MAP1B, ST6GALNAC5, TPM3, ABCC4, ANXA8L1, NXT1, IL1RAP, HRAS, DNTTIP1, ITGA2, MT1F, UBE2C, CNTN1, LOC652846, TUBB4Q, PGM3, CAPRIN2, LOC654121, GOSR2, SOX15, TUBB2A, C12orf31, C12orf54, ANTXR2, CSE1L, PVRL3, RAE1, PRKCDBP, P2RY2, HOXC4, CCNA1, PPP4R4, ZFP64, RGS20, BTBD11, TSPAN18,

SIDT2, DNAJB12, KCTD20, ELLS, LOC283953, SLC27A5, SLC6A14, PPP2R2C, ARTS, TRIB1, NPEPL1, TMEM205, NOL3, LOC649853, LOC388588, NUCB1, BTG1, ID2, FER1L4, LOC146439, IL20RB, FAM195A, CEBPD, RAB40B, NFIC, MAPK3, EVPL, KLRC2, PIR, BCMO1, ALDH3A2, LOC729660, GSTZ1, SPOCK1, CD36, NICN1, PDPK1, TNFAIP6, ACAA2, MGST2, OXR1, KIAA1370, TFPI, IL17C, G6PD, SEPX1, LOC653778, PEG10, UBR5, LOC653924, HBP1, NOX5, RRM2B, ZFPM1, XIST, ACY1, MFSD3, METRNL, SOD2, VAV3, SLC16A4, LOC653506, LOC147645, PON2, ACTA2, LOX, PDGFC, CRIP1, PCSK5, CCNG2, NEBL, KLK6, SETD6, PTPN22, ACOX2, SLC9A3R1, C4orf34, RICS, GSTK1, GLB1L2, LOC100133511, MGST1, PTGES, ITM2C, KHDRBS3, NET1, BCKDHA, NR4A2, SLC16A14, SERPINB4, GPR110, CDC42EP4, GRTP1, ETFDH, BIN1, CYP1A1, ST6GAL1, ABLIM3, KDELC2, SEMA3C, MGC42367, PAM, NME3, DPP7, C10orf59, C12orf36, TMC4, TM7SF2, NUP210, APRT, MYEOV, LIPK, LOC93622, WNT5A, TMEM187, MEST, LOC285095, MFI2, HIST1H1C, LOC654103, LOC387825, TMPRSS3, LOC646836, MANSC1, FAP, HCFC1R1, FERMT2, FARP1, LOC729985, F1112684, ALDH5A1, TIMP2, BNIP3L, TRIM4, CELSR3, LOC651524, NLGN4X, GCNT3, TSKU, P4HTM, ZFP90, SPESP1, BSPRY, SHRM, CST6, TBL1X, KRT80, AMFR, OKL38, YPEL3, CLCN3, F1120273, SLITRK6, GLRB, SEMA6A, UGT1A6, LUM, TRAPPC6A, SULT1A1, LOC441453, LOC653061, ITFG1, ETFB, RPL34, KIAA1147, HMGCS2, FTHL3, PLACE, NIPSNAP1, UBE2D4, DDIT4L, ASMTL, VGF, ZNF428, LOC440160, DECR1, SCARNA9, SERPINB3, LGALS7B, GLS, ANGPT1, ITFG3, HOXA5, GABRE, RNF165, SQSTM1, CBX2, FTHL11, FBP1, VASN, MFSD1, GCHFR, CYB5A, LRP3, TMEM139, F12, C3, LOC643911, TEAD2, AKR1B1, TRIB2, TLR1, METTL7A, CD163L1, RERG, OSGIN2, SLC22A18, PPARG, FTHL2, LY6E, FBLN1, ARID5B, SHROOM3 , PADI 4, ABCB6, CLDN8, SNCAIP, C5orf46, TMEM45A, PTPN20, ERBB3, LYPD3, IRX3, SEL1L3, PCOLCE2, LOC441282, PGD, SLC39A8, TJP3, TMEM42, KCNIP3, CEACAM1, PLCXD3, ARSD, LAGE3, S100A9, RAP1GAP, PPAP2B, CXADR, CYFIP2, LOC100129195, HTATIP2, GDF15, FTHL16, CLCA2, CTSD, MAFB, GPRC5C, ELF3, PDE4B, ROS1, CA2, CKLF, SYTL2, LOC652669, D2HGDH, ZNF323, PINK1, P8, HSPBL2, PLXDC2, ALDH3B1, SRGN, EGFLAM, TRIM2, RBM47, RPL28, TNFAIP2, MXD4, DECR2, TSTD1, PTK6, LPL, GCLC, CXCR7, STC1, KRT15, NOTCH3, LOC645553, CD97, RAB26, CYBRD1, KIAA0182, RPS29, S100A8, LOC341230, FBXL16, KLK5, NCOA7, LOC642567, CYP4F3, PPAP2C, ATP6V1B1, LOC653879, COL8A1, TNFSF9, NAT14, TNS3, AIF1L, GPNMB, FBXO32, HS6ST2, GNE, IL6, ARL14, FLJ10916, LOC642399, LOC392437, NQO1, ECH1, ECHDC3, DENND2D, FAM113B, LOC340274, ANKRD33, CITED2, ICA1, FXYD3, CHDH, COBL, LOC392871, NINJ1, NAMPT, LOC255326, NUPR1, CHURC1, CSGALNACT1, KRT24, HOXA10, DCN, FGF2, WFDC2, BAMBI, LXN, PNLIPRP3, CLDN1, TAGLN, ZDHHC4, GRB14, NMB, SERPINE2, CYP24A1, F1139632, IMPA2, CTSH, TNFRSF11B, NCCRP1, FTH1, CPVL, DIO2, EPHX1, ABCC2, SGPP2, DBNDD1, PDK4, AZGP1, CRABP2, IRX5, LEMD1, CD14, CHCHD10, CTXN1, CLIC3, ASS1, LOC642477, C15orf48, USMG5, TXNIP, LCP1, C19orf46, KRTCAP3, PDZKlIP1, ITGB2, BGN, LOC146909, C14orf147, ACSL1, SLC16A5, LOC100131139, ATP6V0E2, BCL6, BAIAP2L2, LOC400879, LAPTM4B, LCN2, GBP2, M160, NME4, CCL20, CFD, MARCKSL1, ECGF1, AKR1C2, CES1, CYP4X1, CA9, FABP4, FAM46A, QPCT, ANPEP, GDPD3, LMTK3, EPDR1, PAPPA, CD70, HOXA9, C1QTNF1, PSCA, DEFB1, HRASLS3, CXXC5, LOC645638, AKR1B15, KYNU, AKR1C4, REPIN1, COX7A1, CFB, ABCC3, AKR1C3, LOC100134265, CYP1B1, S100P, TCN1, AKR1B10, MGP, CALB2, SERPINA3, MUC1, S100A7, ALDH3A1, MSLN, S100A4, IGFBP3, and RARRES1.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising assaying the mRNA expression levels of at least 2 genes from said group.

15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising assaying the mRNA expression levels of at least 3 genes from said group.

16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising assaying the mRNA expression levels of at least 4 genes from said group.

17. The method of claim 13 , further comprising assaying the mRNA expression levels of at least 5 genes from said group.