Hydraulic turbine
A runner for a hydraulic turbine configured to reduce fish mortality. The runner includes a hub and a plurality of blades extending from the hub. Each blade includes a root connected to the hub and a tip opposite the root. Each blade further includes a leading edge opposite a trailing edge, and a ratio of a thickness of the leading edge to a diameter of the runner can range from about 0.06 to about 0.35. Further, each blade has a leading edge that is curved relative to a radial axis of the runner.
1. A runner for a restoration hydraulic turbine, comprising:
a hub; and
a plurality of blades extending from the hub,
wherein each blade of the plurality of blades comprises a root located at the hub, a tip opposite the root, a leading edge, and a trailing edge opposite the leading edge,
wherein a ratio of a thickness of the leading edge to a diameter of the runner, tLE/Dt, is greater than 0.06, and
wherein for at least one of the plurality of blades, the leading edge at the root is positioned along a radial axis of the runner and the leading edge at the tip is cantilevered beyond the radial axis in a circumferential direction of the runner.
2. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the thickness of the leading edge to the diameter of the runner ranges from 0.08 to 0.35.
3. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein a maximum leading edge thickness of at least one of the blades is at least 50 mm.
4. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a maximum thickness of the runner at the blade hub to the diameter ranges from 0.15 to 0.25.
5. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a maximum thickness to the diameter of the runner at the blade tip ranges from 0.1 to 0.25.
6. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein the leading edge thickness of at least one of the blades at the blade tip is larger than the leading edge thickness at the blade root.
7. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of blades comprises five or fewer blades.
8. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein the leading edge of at least one of the blades is saddle-shaped.
9. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein for at least one of the blades, a ratio of a leading edge thickness of the blade at the blade hub to a length of a chord of the blade at the blade hub ranges from 0.25 to 0.39.
10. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein for at least one of the blades, a ratio of a maximum leading edge thickness of the blade at the blade tip to a length of a chord of the blade at the blade tip ranges from 0.09 to 0.25.
11. The runner according to claim 1 ,
wherein a portion of the leading edge at the tip of at least one of the plurality of blades is slanted forward in a direction of blade rotation.
12. The runner of claim 11 , wherein the portion of the leading edge at the tip is slanted at an angle ranging from 20 degrees to 90 degrees.
13. The runner of claim 11 , wherein the portion of the leading edge at the tip is slanted at an angle ranging from 25 degrees to 45 degrees.
14. The runner according to claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the runner is less than about 3 meters.
15. A turbine, comprising:
a housing defining an inlet and an outlet for a flow of liquid; and
the runner according to claim 1 positioned within the housing.
16. A hydroelectric installation for a low-head application, comprising:
a plurality of turbine chambers configured to maintain a head between a headwater upstream of the turbine chamber and a tailwater downstream of the turbine chamber;
a plurality of axial-flow turbines, one of the plurality of axial-flow turbines being positioned within each of the plurality of turbine chambers, each of the axial-flow turbines comprising:
a housing defining a flow passage; and
the runner according to claim 1 positioned within the housing.
17. A method of designing a fish-safe runner comprising:
estimating a probability of a fish strike at a section of a runner blade;
estimating the probability of strike survival at the section;
computing a fish passage rate at the section; and
based on the computed fish passage rate, adjusting one of:
a ratio of a maximum leading edge thickness of the blade at the section to a diameter of the runner,
a slant angle of the leading edge of the blade at the section,
a ratio of the maximum leading edge thickness of the blade at the section to a length of a chord of the blade, or
a shape of a cross section of the leading edge of the blade at the section, or a number of blades.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:
estimating a probability of a fish strike at a second section of the runner blade;
estimating the probability of strike survival at the second section; and
computing a second fish passage rate at the second section; and
based on the second computed fish passage rate, adjusting one of:
a ratio of a maximum leading edge thickness of the blade at the second section to the diameter of the runner,
a slant angle of the leading edge of the blade at the second section,
a ratio of the maximum leading edge thickness of the blade at the second section to a length of a chord of the blade, or
a shape of a cross section of the leading edge of the blade at the second section, or
a number of blades.
19. The method according to claim 17 , wherein estimating the probability of strike survival at the section comprises estimating the probability of strike survival based at least in part on the slant angle of the section.