Navigated percutaneous lumbar and thoracic spine facet fusion

1. A system for percutaneous or open facet joint fusion, the system comprising:

an imaging system configured to identify a docking location on a facet joint between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a patient;

a cannula configured to be positioned at the docking location on the facet joint, wherein the cannula includes:

one or more markers mounted thereto, wherein the imaging system is configured to identify the one or more markers to position the cannula at the docking location; and

one or more actuators configured to move the one or more markers, wherein movement of the one or more markers by the one or more actuators is independent of movement of the cannula;

a rotary tool that is configured to mount within the cannula, wherein the rotary tool is configured to create a void in the facet joint by way of the cannula, and wherein the void is configured to receive a bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a computing system in communication with the imaging system, wherein the computing system is configured to activate the one or more actuators to move the one or more markers based at least in part on the docking location on the facet joint.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more markers are mounted on a navigation arm that is attached to an exterior surface of the cannula, wherein movement of the one or more markers by the one or more actuators is independent of movement of the navigation arm.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the navigation arm includes a plurality of arms, and wherein each arm in the plurality of arms includes at least one marker.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the rotary tool includes one or more tool markers mounted thereto, and wherein the imaging system is configured to identify the one or more tool markers on the rotary tool.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging system is configured to display a position of the cannula relative to one or more anatomical features of the patient such that the cannula can be docked without damage to the one or more anatomical features.

7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a computing system in communication with the imaging system, wherein the computing system is configured to determine a docking angle at which to position the cannula at the docking location.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the docking angle is specific to the patient and is determined based on analysis of the facet joint of the patient.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising the bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the bone graft or bone growth promoting material is configured for placement through the cannula and into the void.

11. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a tamp that is configured to fit within the cannula such that the bone graft or bone growth promoting material can be forced into the void.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more markers mounted to the cannula comprise one or more first markers and the rotary tool includes one or more second markers that differ from the one or more first markers.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the imaging system is configured to distinguish between the one or more first markers and the one or more second markers.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging system is configured to identify one or more biological markers within the patient and the one or more markers mounted to the cannula, and wherein the imaging system is configured to display the positional relationship between the one or more biological markers and the one or more markers.

15. A method for performing percutaneous or open facet joint fusion, the method comprising:

identifying, by an imaging system, a docking location on a facet joint between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a patient;

identifying, by the imaging system, one or more markers mounted to a cannula for positioning of the cannula at the docking location;

controlling one or more actuators mounted to the cannula to move at least one of the one or more markers from a first position to a second position, wherein movement of the at least one of the one or more markers is independent of movement of the cannula;

docking the cannula at the docking location on the facet joint; and

creating, by a rotary tool that is configured to mount within the cannula, a void in the facet joint, wherein the void is configured to receive a bone graft or bone growth promoting material.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining, by a computing system in communication with the imaging system, a docking angle at which to dock the cannula at the docking location.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the docking angle is specific to the patient and is determined based on analysis of the facet joint of the patient.

18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising identifying, by the imaging system, an anatomical feature of the patient, and wherein the one or more actuators are controlled to move at least one of the one or more markers to avoid the anatomical feature during docking of the cannula.

19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising placing the bone graft or bone growth promoting material into the void, wherein the placing comprises forcing the bone graft or bone growth promoting material through the cannula and into the void.

20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising displaying, by the imaging system, a position of the cannula relative to one or more anatomical features of the patient such that the cannula can be docked without damage to the one or more anatomical features.