High density UO2 and high thermal conductivity UO2 composites by spark plasma sintering (SPS)
Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method for production of a nuclear fuel pellet by spark plasma sintering (SPS), wherein a fuel pellet with more than 80% TD or more than 90% TD is formed. The SPS can be performed with the imposition of a controlled uniaxial pressure applied at the maximum temperature of the processing to achieve a very high density, in excess of 95% TD, at temperatures of 850 to 1600° C. The formation of a fuel pellet can be carried out in one hour or less. In an embodiment of the invention, a nuclear fuel pellet comprises UO 2 and a highly thermally conductive material, such as SiC or diamond.
1. A nuclear fuel pellet, comprising a compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders comprising uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) and a thermally conductive material selected from a metal or metal alloy, wherein:
the UO 2 is 90 to 99 vol % of the compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders;
the thermally conductive material has a thermal conductivity that is greater than 10 W/mK at 100° C.; and
the compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders has a density in excess of 95% TD (theoretical density) of the UO 2 , an average grain size of at least 4 μm with little or no intergranular pores, and a thermal conductivity of at least 8 W/mK at 100° C.
2. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein said thermally conductive material is uniformly distributed with said UO 2 .
3. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein said thermally conductive material comprises 1 to 10 vol % of said compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders.
4. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein said compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders further comprises other oxidation states of uranium oxide, uranium nitride, thorium oxide, plutonium oxide, or any combination thereof.
5. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein said compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders comprises a mixture of the UO 2 with other uranium oxides, the mixture having a stoichiometry of UO 2+x where x is 0 to 0.25.
6. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein said compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders consists of UO 2 and said thermally conductive material and said thermally conductive material is uranium or a uranium alloy.
7. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 1 , wherein the compressed homogeneous dispersion of powders is formed in a die assembly at a controlled pressure of 25 to 100 MPa and temperature of 850 to 1600° C.
8. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 7 , wherein the controlled pressure and temperature are maintained for a period of 0.5 to 20 minutes.
9. The nuclear fuel pellet of claim 7 , wherein the controlled pressure and temperature are applied in a sintering chamber of a spark plasma sintering (SPS) apparatus.