Structured anodes for lithium-based energy storage devices
An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector. The current collector includes: i) an electrically conductive substrate including a first electrically conductive material; ii) a plurality of electrically conductive structures in electrical communication with the electrically conductive substrate, wherein each electrically conductive structure includes a second electrically conductive material; and iii) a metal oxide coating. The metal oxide coating includes one or both of: a) a first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate; or b) a second metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive structures; or both (a) and (b). The anode further includes lithium storage coating overlaying the metal oxide coating, the lithium storage layer including a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %. The electrically conductive structures are at least partially embedded within the lithium storage coating.
1. An anode for an energy storage device comprising:
a current collector comprising:
i) an electrically conductive substrate comprising a first electrically conductive material;
ii) a plurality of electrically conductive structures in electrical communication with the electrically conductive substrate, wherein each electrically conductive structure of the plurality of electrically conductive structures comprises a second electrically conductive material; and
iii) a metal oxide coating comprising:
a) a first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate; or
b) a second metal oxide material in contact with the plurality of electrically conductive structures; or
c) both (a) and (b); and
a lithium storage coating overlaying and in contact with the metal oxide coating, wherein the lithium storage coating comprises a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %; and
wherein the plurality of electrically conductive structures are at least partially embedded within the lithium storage coating.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first electrically conductive material comprises copper, nickel, iron, chromium, or titanium.
3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive substrate comprises a copper foil or mesh, a nickel foil or mesh, a stainless steel foil or mesh, or a conductive carbon sheet or mesh.
4. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises a conductive carbon.
5. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises copper, nickel, or titanium.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein each electrically conductive structure of the electrically conductive structures is characterized as having a width measured parallel to the electrically conductive substrate surface and a height extending away from, and measured normal to, the electrically conductive substrate surface, the ratio of height to width defining an aspect ratio, wherein the aspect ratio is greater than 3 and the height is at least 1 μm.
7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the electrically conductive structures is in the form of a wire, pillar, tube, ridge, or dendrite.
8. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive structures are provided in a non-random pattern over the electrically conductive substrate.
9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein 2% to 80% of the surface area of the electrically conductive substrate is in contact with the plurality of electrically conductive structures.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector does not include one of the first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate or the second metal oxide material in contact with the plurality of electrically conductive structures.
11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the current collector includes both the first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate and the second metal oxide material in contact with the plurality of electrically conductive structures.
12. The anode of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first metal oxide material or the second metal oxide material comprises an oxide of a transition metal.
13. The anode of claim 12 , wherein at least one of the first metal oxide material or the second metal oxide material comprises an oxide of nickel or an oxide of titanium.
14. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate has an average thickness in a range of 0.02 to 2.0 μm.
15. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the second metal oxide material in contact with the electrically conductive substrate has a thickness in a range of 0.01 to 1.0 μm.
16. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the lithium storage coating is porous and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon, the lithium storage coating having a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .
17. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the lithium storage coating has a thickness of at least 3 μm.
18. The anode of claim 1 , further comprising lithium storage nanostructures in contact with the plurality of electrically conductive structures or the electrically conductive substrate.
19. A lithium-ion battery comprising the anode of claim 1 and a cathode.
20. The lithium-ion battery of claim 19 , wherein the anode is prelithiated and the cathode comprises sulfur, selenium, or both sulfur and selenium.