ANODES FOR LITHIUM-BASED ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
An anode for a lithium-based energy storage device such as a lithium-ion battery is disclosed. The anode includes a current collector having an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer. A lithium storage layer is overlaying the surface layer and the surface layer includes a metal chalcogenide having at least one of sulfur or selenium. The metal chalcogenide may include a metal sulfide, a metal polysulfide, a metal selenide, a metal polyselenide, or a combination thereof. The metal chalcogenide may include a copper sulfide or a copper polysulfide. The lithium storage may include a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof of at least 40 atomic %. The lithium storage layer may be a continuous porous lithium storage layer having an average density from about 1.1 g/cm 3 to about 2.25 g/cm 3 and comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon.
1 . An anode for an energy storage device comprising:
a current collector comprising an electrically conductive layer and a surface layer overlaying the electrically conductive layer; and
a lithium storage layer overlaying the surface layer,
wherein the surface layer comprises a metal chalcogenide comprising at least one of sulfur or selenium.
2 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal chalcogenide comprises a metal sulfide, a metal polysulfide, a metal selenide, or a metal polyselenide.
3 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal chalcogenide comprises a transition metal sulfide, a transition metal polysulfide, a transition metal selenide, or a transition metal polyselenide.
4 . The anode of claim 3 , wherein the transition metal is copper.
5 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal chalcogenide comprises a copper sulfide or a copper polysulfide.
6 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the surface layer further comprises a metal oxide.
7 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the surface layer comprises a first sublayer overlaying the electrically conductive layer and a second sublayer overlaying the first sublayer.
8 . The anode of claim 7 , wherein the first sublayer comprises at least one of sulfur or selenium and the second sublayer comprises a metal oxide.
9 . The anode of claim 8 , wherein the first sublayer comprises a copper sulfide or a copper polysulfide.
10 . The anode of claim 9 , wherein the second sublayer comprises an oxide of copper, an oxide of nickel, an oxide of titanium, or an oxide of zinc.
11 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the surface layer has an average thickness in a range of 0.1 to 5.0 μm.
12 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive layer comprises nickel, copper, stainless steel, titanium, conductive carbon, or a combination thereof.
13 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the lithium storage layer is a continuous porous lithium storage layer.
14 . The anode of claim 13 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof of at least 40 atomic %.
15 . The anode of claim 13 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer includes less than 10 atomic % carbon.
16 . The anode of claim 13 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer is substantially free of nanostructures.
17 . The anode of claim 13 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer has an average thickness from 4 μm to 30 μm.
18 . The anode of claim 13 , wherein the continuous porous lithium storage layer comprises at least 85 atomic % amorphous silicon and has a density in a range of 1.1 g/cm 3 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .
19 . A battery comprising the anode of claim 1 and a cathode.
20 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the anode is prelithiated and the cathode comprises sulfur, selenium, or both sulfur and selenium.