Devices and systems incorporating energy harvesting components/devices as autonomous energy sources and as energy supplementation, and methods for producing devices and systems incorporating energy harvesting components/devices
An electrically-powered device, structure and/or component is provided that includes an attached electrical power source in a form of a unique, environmentally-friendly energy harvesting element or component. The energy harvesting component provides a mechanism for generating autonomous renewable energy, or a renewable energy supplement, in the integrated circuit system, structure and/or component. The energy harvesting element includes a first conductor layer, a low work function layer, a dielectric layer, and a second conductor layer that are particularly configured in a manner to promote electron migration from the low work function layer, through the dielectric layer, to the facing surface of the second conductor layer in a manner that develops an electric potential between the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer. The energy harvesting component includes a plurality of energy harvesting elements electrically connected to one another to increase an electrical power output.
1. An electrically-powered device structure, comprising:
at least one electrically-energized device component provided on a surface of a structure; and
an energy harvesting component formed on a mounting surface for separately mounting the energy harvesting component with respect to the surface of the structure, the energy harvesting component comprising:
a first conductor layer formed of a first conductive material on the mounting surface, a facing surface of the first conductor layer being surface conditioned to have a comparatively low work function value; and
a second conductor layer formed of a second conductive material arranged such that a facing surface of the second conductor layer faces the facing surface of the first conductor layer with a gap formed between respective facing surfaces of the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer, the gap being in a range of 100 angstroms or less in thickness in a direction orthogonal to the respective facing surfaces, the facing surface of the second conductor having a work function value at least 1.0 eV higher than the comparatively low work function value of the facing surface of the first conductor layer,
the energy harvesting component having a stacked configuration on the mounting surface totaling less than 100 μm thick,
the energy harvesting component being electrically connected to the at least one electrically-energized device component, and
the energy harvesting component being configured to generate an electric potential at any temperature above absolute zero for powering the at least one electrically-energized device component.
2. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , the surface conditioning of the facing surface of the first conductor layer comprising applying a surface treatment to the facing surface of the first conductor layer to lower the work function of the facing surface of the first conductor layer.
3. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , the surface conditioned facing surface of the first conductor layer having a work function in a range of 1.0 eV or less and the facing surface of the second conductor layer having a work function in a range of 2.0 eV or greater.
4. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , the surface conditioning of the facing surface of the first conductor layer comprising forming a separate physical low work function layer on and in intimate contact with the facing surface of the first conductor layer.
5. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , further comprising an outer insulating layer configured to substantially encase the energy harvesting component.
6. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , the stacked configuration of the energy harvesting component comprising a plurality of energy harvesting elements and a plurality of insulating layers arranged in the stack,
the plurality of energy harvesting elements being separated by the plurality of insulating layers, and
the plurality of energy harvesting elements being electrically interconnected with one another.
7. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 6 , each of the plurality of insulating layers having a thickness in a range of 1 μm or less.
8. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 1 , further comprising a dielectric layer formed in the gap.
9. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 8 , the dielectric layer having a thickness in a range of 20 angstroms to 60 angstroms and being sandwiched between the respective facing surfaces of the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer.
10. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 9 , the dielectric layer being formed at least in part of a plurality of tapered shapes, each of the plurality of tapered shapes having a tapered structure in which a cross-sectional area of the each of the plurality of tapered shapes is comparatively larger at an end facing the facing surface of the second conductor layer and comparatively smaller at an end facing the facing surface of the first conductor layer.
11. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 9 , the dielectric layer varying in thickness across a planform of the dielectric layer between the respective facing surfaces of the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer.
12. The electrically-powered device structure of claim 9 , the dielectric layer being formed as a porous layer, at least some of the pores in the porous layer being filled at least in part with a metal cation.