Polymer embodiments comprising nanohoop-containing polymer backbones and methods of making and using the same
Polymer embodiments comprising nanohoop-containing polymer backbones are described, along with methods of making and using the same. The polymer embodiments exhibit unique radial and linear conjugation and can be used in a variety of devices, such as electronic and/or optoelectronic devices.
1. A polymer having a structure according to Formula I
wherein the nanohoop comprises six or more aromatic ring systems and wherein each aromatic ring system is directly bound to at least two other aromatic ring systems of the nanohoop by two separate single covalent bonds positioned para, ortho, or meta relative to one another, wherein one of the two separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to one of the at least two other aromatic ring systems and the other of the separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to the other of the at least two other aromatic ring systems; Ar is an aromatic ring system; and n is an integer selected from 2 or greater.
2. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein each nanohoop is bound to each of the two adjacent alkyne groups of Formula I by two different carbon atoms of a single aromatic ring system of the nanohoop.
3. The polymer of claim 2 , wherein the two different carbon atoms of the single aromatic ring system of the nanohoop are positioned para relative to one another.
4. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein each nanohoop is bound to each of the two adjacent alkyne groups of Formula I by two different carbon atoms of two different aromatic ring systems of the nanohoop, wherein one of the two different carbon atoms is part of one of the two different aromatic ring systems and the other of the two different carbon atoms is part of the other of the two different aromatic ring systems.
5. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the Ar group is an aryl ring or a heteroaryl ring.
6. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the Ar group is selected from phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, or imidazoyl.
7. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein n is an integer ranging from 2 to 10,000.
8. The polymer of claim 1 , having a structure according to Formulas IIA or IIB
wherein each A ring independently is an aromatic ring system; each R independently is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, haloaliphatic, haloheteroaliphatic, aromatic, or an organic functional group; each of rings B, C, D, E, F, and G independently is an aromatic ring system; each R′ independently is aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, haloaliphatic, aromatic, or an organic functional group; each m independently is an integer selected from 1 to 95; each p independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10; n is an integer selected from 2 or greater; and each q independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10.
9. The polymer of claim 8 , wherein each of rings A, B, C, D, E, F, and G independently is aryl or heteroaryl.
10. The polymer of claim 8 , wherein each A ring is a phenyl ring, furan, thiophene, or pyrrole, and wherein each of rings B, C, D, E, F, and G independently is phenyl.
11. The polymer of claim 8 , wherein p is 2 and each R independently is selected from aliphatic.
12. The polymer of claim 1 , having a structure according to Formulas IIIA, IIIB, IVA′, or IVB′
wherein each R independently is selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, haloaliphatic, haloheteroaliphatic, aromatic, or an organic functional group; each m independently is an integer selected from 1 to 95; and each p independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10.
13. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is selected from
14. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is
15. A method, comprising exposing a polymerizable nanohoop monomer to a transition metal catalyst, a copper-containing reagent, a base, and an aromatic coupling partner functionalized with a halogen atom to provide the polymer according to claim 1 ; wherein the polymerizable nanohoop monomer has a structure according to Formula V
wherein the nanohoop of Formula V comprises six or more aromatic ring systems and wherein each aromatic ring system is directly bound to at least two other aromatic ring systems of the nanohoop by two separate single covalent bonds positioned para, ortho, or meta relative to one another, wherein one of the two separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to one of the at least two other aromatic ring systems and the other of the separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to the other of the at least two other aromatic ring systems.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is a palladium catalyst, the copper-containing reagent is CuI, the base is an amine base, Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , or K 3 PO 4 , and the aromatic coupling partner comprises an aryl or heteroaryl ring functionalized with the halogen atom.
17. A compound having a structure according to Formula V or Formula VI for use in making the polymer of claim 1 ,
wherein the nanohoop comprises six or more aromatic ring systems and wherein each aromatic ring system is directly bound to at least two other aromatic ring systems of the nanohoop by two separate single covalent bonds positioned para, ortho, or meta relative to one another, wherein one of the two separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to one of the at least two other aromatic ring systems and the other of the separate single covalent bonds is directly bound to the other of the at least two other aromatic ring systems; Ar is an aromatic ring system; and Y is hydrogen, copper, a palladium complex, or an aromatic ring system; and wherein the compound having a structure according to Formula V or Formula VI reacts to become part of the polymer.
18. The compound of claim 17 , wherein the compound has a structure according to Formula VIIA, VIIB, VIIIA, or VIIIB
wherein each of rings B, C, D, E, F, and G independently is an aromatic ring system; each R′ independently is aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, haloaliphatic, aromatic, or an organic functional group; each m independently is an integer selected from 1 to 95; and each q independently is an integer selected from 0 to 10.
19. The compound of claim 17 , wherein the compound has a structure according to Formula IXA, IXB, XA, or XB
wherein m is 1 or 3.
20. A method, comprising:
coupling a nanohoop intermediate with an aromatic monomer functionalized with an alkyne moiety to provide a non-aromatized nanohoop intermediate; and
exposing the non-aromatized nanohoop intermediate to a reductive aromatization to provide the compound according to claim 17 , wherein the compound has a structure according to Formula V.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the aromatic monomer is functionalized with two alkyne moieties.