Method to generate highly accurate thermodynamic and physical fluid properties of real light-distillate fuels for one-dimensional hydraulic models using a detailed multi-component surrogate formulation approach
A method for generating a multi-component surrogate is provided. The method includes determining, based on a detailed hydrocarbon analysis, components of a physical fuel sample, selecting, for a hydrocarbon, chemicals from a list of known chemicals in a chemical property database, chemical property correlation software, or chemical process software package, the hydrocarbon having an equivalent molecular structure as each of the chemicals, dividing a concentration of the hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into surrogate concentrations corresponding to the chemicals, and generating the multi-component surrogate based at least on the surrogate concentrations, where each of the chemicals represents the hydrocarbon as a surrogate in the multi-component surrogate, and the multi-component surrogate is used to represent the physical fuel sample in a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling software to model a direct injection (DI) system.
1. A method to improve performance of an internal combustion engine, the method comprising:
determining, based on a detailed hydrocarbon analysis, a plurality of components of a physical fuel sample;
selecting, by a computer processor and for a first hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a first plurality of chemicals from a list of known chemicals in a chemical property database, chemical property correlation software, or chemical process software package, the first hydrocarbon having a first equivalent molecular structure as each of the first plurality of chemicals;
dividing, by the computer processor, a first concentration of the first hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a first plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the first plurality of chemicals;
generating, by the computer processor, a multi-component surrogate based at least on the first plurality of surrogate concentrations, wherein each of the first plurality of chemicals represents the first hydrocarbon as a surrogate in the multi-component surrogate;
generating, by using the multi-component surrogate to represent the physical fuel sample in a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling software, modelling results of a direct injection (DI) system of the internal combustion engine, the modeling results comprising calculated interaction between the physical fuel sample and mechanical components in the DI system; and
refining, based on the modelling results, structural features of the mechanical components in the DI system to improve the performance of the internal combustion engine,
wherein the refining comprises:
assessing efficacy of hardware design changes of the mechanical components in said improving the performance of the internal combustion engine; and
performing an experiment where an amount of the physical fuel sample is dispensed using an actual physical injector to obtain an experimental performance measurement,
wherein the experimental performance measurement substantially matches a modeled performance measurement in the modeling results.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising selecting the first equivalent molecular structure from a hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures, the hierarchy comprising:
an identical molecular structure,
a first level equivalent molecular structure of stereoisomer,
a second level equivalent molecular structure of structural isomer,
a third level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon number and carbon type in each and every molecular branch,
a fourth level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon types and total carbon number,
a fifth level equivalent molecular structure of same number of rings and total carbon number, and
a sixth level equivalent molecular structure of same total carbon number.
3. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising:
comparing the first hydrocarbon and the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package to identify one or more levels of equivalent molecular structures in the hierarchy,
wherein the first equivalent molecular structure is selected from the hierarchy based on a highest level in the one or more levels of the equivalent molecular structures.
4. The method according to claim 3 , further comprising:
selecting, for a second hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a second plurality of chemicals from the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package, the second hydrocarbon having a second equivalent molecular structure as each of the second plurality of chemicals; and
dividing a second concentration of the second hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a second plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the second plurality of chemicals,
wherein generating the multi-component surrogate comprises combining the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations for each chemical in a combination of the first plurality of chemicals and the second plurality of chemicals.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the first equivalent molecular structure and the second equivalent molecular structure correspond to different levels in the hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures.
6. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising:
selecting, from the plurality of hydrocarbons, all unknown hydrocarbons each having a different carbon number than all chemicals in the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package,
wherein all the unknown hydrocarbons are excluded from the multi-component surrogate, and
wherein the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations, as combined, are normalized in the multi-component surrogate subsequent to excluding all the unknown hydrocarbons.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
calculating, using the chemical process simulation software package, temperature and pressure dependent physical properties of the physical fuel sample in liquid and vapor phases, wherein the plurality of hydrocarbons of the fuel sample are mapped into the list of known chemicals as the multi-component surrogate; and
generating, according to a pre-defined input data format of the 1D hydraulic modeling software, a data table based on the temperature and pressure dependent physical properties of the physical fuel sample in liquid and vapor phases.
8. A computer system to improve performance of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory coupled to the processor and storing instructions, the instructions, when executed by the processor, comprising functionality for:
determining, based on a detailed hydrocarbon analysis, a plurality of hydrocarbons of a physical fuel sample;
selecting, for a first hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a first plurality of chemicals from a list of known chemicals of a chemical process software package, the first hydrocarbon having a first equivalent molecular structure as each of the first plurality of chemicals;
dividing a first concentration of the first hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a first plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the first plurality of chemicals;
generating a multi-component surrogate based at least on the first plurality of surrogate concentrations, wherein each of the first plurality of chemicals represents the first hydrocarbon as a surrogate in the multi-component surrogate;
generating, by using the multi-component surrogate to represent the physical fuel sample in a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling software, modelling results of a direct injection (DI) system of the internal combustion engine, the modeling results comprising calculated interaction between the physical fuel sample and mechanical components in the DI system; and
refining, based on the modelling results, structural features of the mechanical components in the DI system to improve the performance of the internal combustion engine,
wherein the refining comprises:
assessing efficacy of hardware design changes of the mechanical components in said improving the performance of the internal combustion engine; and
performing an experiment where an amount of the physical fuel sample is dispensed using an actual physical injector to obtain an experimental performance measurement,
wherein the experimental performance measurement substantially matches a modeled performance measurement in the modeling results.
9. The computer system according to claim 8 , the instructions, when executed by the processor, further comprising functionality for:
selecting the first equivalent molecular structure from a hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures,
wherein the hierarchy comprises:
an identical molecular structure,
a first level equivalent molecular structure of stereoisomer,
a second level equivalent molecular structure of structural isomer,
a third level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon number and carbon type in each and every molecular branch,
a fourth level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon types and total carbon number,
a fifth level equivalent molecular structure of same number of rings and total carbon number, and
a sixth level equivalent molecular structure of same total carbon number.
10. The computer system according to claim 9 , the instructions, when executed by the processor, further comprising functionality for:
comparing the first hydrocarbon and the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package to identify one or more levels of equivalent molecular structures in the hierarchy,
wherein the first equivalent molecular structure is selected from the hierarchy based on a highest level in the one or more levels of the equivalent molecular structures.
11. The computer system according to claim 10 , the instructions, when executed by the processor, further comprising functionality for:
selecting, for a second hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a second plurality of chemicals from the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package, the second hydrocarbon having a second equivalent molecular structure as each of the second plurality of chemicals; and
dividing a second concentration of the second hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a second plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the second plurality of chemicals,
wherein generating the multi-component surrogate comprises combining the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations for each chemical in a combination of the first plurality of chemicals and the second plurality of chemicals.
12. The computer system according to claim 11 , wherein the first equivalent molecular structure and the second equivalent molecular structure correspond to different levels in the hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures.
13. The computer system according to claim 11 , the instructions, when executed by the processor, further comprising functionality for:
selecting, from the plurality of hydrocarbons, all unknown hydrocarbons each having a different carbon number than all chemicals in the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package,
wherein all the unknown hydrocarbons are excluded from the multi-component surrogate, and
wherein the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations, as combined, are normalized in the multi-component surrogate subsequent to excluding all the unknown hydrocarbons.
14. The computer system according to claim 8 , the instructions, when executed by the processor, further comprising functionality for:
calculating, using the chemical process simulation software package, temperature and pressure dependent physical properties of the physical fuel sample in liquid and vapor phases, wherein the plurality of hydrocarbons of the fuel sample are mapped into the list of known chemicals as the multi-component surrogate; and
generating, according to a pre-defined input data format of the 1D hydraulic modeling software, a data table based on the temperature and pressure dependent physical properties of the physical fuel sample in liquid and vapor phases.
15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions executable by a computer processor to improve performance of an internal combustion engine, the instructions comprising functionality for:
determining, based on a detailed hydrocarbon analysis, a plurality of hydrocarbons of a physical fuel sample;
selecting, for a first hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a first plurality of chemicals from a list of known chemicals of a chemical process software package, the first hydrocarbon having a first equivalent molecular structure as each of the first plurality of chemicals;
dividing a first concentration of the first hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a first plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the first plurality of chemicals;
generating a multi-component surrogate based at least on the first plurality of surrogate concentrations, wherein each of the first plurality of chemicals represents the first hydrocarbon as a surrogate in the multi-component surrogate;
generating, by using the multi-component surrogate to represent the physical fuel sample in a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling software, modelling results of a direct injection (DI) system of the internal combustion engine, the modeling results comprising calculated interaction between the physical fuel sample and mechanical components in the DI system; and
refining, based on the modelling results, structural features of the mechanical components in the DI system to improve the performance of the internal combustion engine,
wherein the refining comprises:
assessing efficacy of hardware design changes of the mechanical components in said improving the performance of the internal combustion engine; and
performing an experiment where an amount of the physical fuel sample is dispensed using an actual physical injector to obtain an experimental performance measurement,
wherein the experimental performance measurement substantially matches a modeled performance measurement in the modeling results.
16. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 15 , the instructions further comprising functionality for:
selecting the first equivalent molecular structure from a hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures,
wherein the hierarchy comprises:
an identical molecular structure,
a first level equivalent molecular structure of stereoisomer,
a second level equivalent molecular structure of structural isomer,
a third level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon number and carbon type in each and every molecular branche,
a fourth level equivalent molecular structure of same carbon types and total carbon number,
a fifth level equivalent molecular structure of same number of rings and total carbon number, and
a sixth level equivalent molecular structure of same total carbon number.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 16 , the instructions further comprising functionality for:
comparing the first hydrocarbon and the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package to identify one or more levels of equivalent molecular structures in the hierarchy,
wherein the first equivalent molecular structure is selected from the hierarchy based on a highest level in the one or more levels of the equivalent molecular structures.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 17 , the instructions further comprising functionality for:
selecting, for a second hydrocarbon of the plurality of hydrocarbons, a second plurality of chemicals from the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package, the second hydrocarbon having a second equivalent molecular structure as each of the second plurality of chemicals; and
dividing a second concentration of the second hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into a second plurality of surrogate concentrations corresponding to the second plurality of chemicals,
wherein generating the multi-component surrogate comprises combining the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations for each chemical in a combination of the first plurality of chemicals and the second plurality of chemicals.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 18 , wherein the first equivalent molecular structure and the second equivalent molecular structure correspond to different levels in the hierarchy of equivalent molecular structures.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 18 , the instructions further comprising functionality for:
selecting, from the plurality of hydrocarbons, all unknown hydrocarbons each having a different carbon number than all chemicals in the list of known chemicals of the chemical process software package,
wherein all the unknown hydrocarbons are excluded from the multi-component surrogate, and
wherein the first plurality of surrogate concentrations and the second plurality of surrogate concentrations, as combined, are normalized in the multi-component surrogate subsequent to excluding all the unknown hydrocarbons.