Workstation for automated control of an in vitro system
Provided are automated cell culture systems and related in vitro cell culture methods, including for a co-culture of different cell populations having different cell culture conditions. For example, the system may comprise a bioreactor having a plurality of cell culture compartments, the bioreactor having a fluid port fluidly connected to the plurality of cell culture compartments. A pump fluidly connected to the fluid port can provide a cell culture medium to the plurality of culture compartments. A sensor is operably connected to at least one of the plurality of cell culture compartments for measuring at least one cell culture parameter. In this manner, a controller electronically connected the pump and sensor, is configured to automatically adjust a pump flow rate and/or a cell culture gas content to provide a desired steady-state cell culture parameter for facilitating cells interactions and collection of products representative of said interactions.
1. An automated cell culture system comprising: an insertable and removable bioreactor comprising a plurality of cell culture compartments and formed from a plurality of stacked layers including a middle cell culture compartment, the bioreactor having a fluid port fluidly connected to the plurality of cell culture compartments; a pump fluidly connected to the fluid port for providing a cell culture medium to the plurality of culture compartments; a sensor operably connected to at least the middle cell culture compartment for measuring at least one cell culture parameter; one or more actuators operably connected to the middle cell culture compartment configured to automatically control one or more cell culture parameters in the middle cell culture compartment based on an output from the sensor; and a controller electronically connected to the pump, the actuator, and the sensor, wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjust a pump flow rate, a cell culture gas content with a gas exchanger to provide a desired gas composition comprising an appropriate level of each of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen, and a cell culture parameter to provide an automated desired steady-state cell culture parameter to achieve ideal or desired cell culture conditions based on the output from the sensor for facilitating automated monitoring of cell growth and functional maintenance, cell communication and collection of products from cell interactions; wherein the insertable and removable bioreactor, pump, sensor, gas exchanger and one or more actuators and controller are modularly connected to provide an integrated and automated modular workstation having the insertable and removable bioreactor integrated into the automated modular workstation for tissue co-culture and configured for subsequent removal and shipment to a remote testing facility; wherein a lid and a base plate are positioned to contain the plurality of stacked layers; a fastener to reliably secure the lid top and base plate and fluidly enclose the bioreactor, wherein the plurality of stacked layers are formed of a compressible material; wherein the fastener comprises a clamp that compresses the plurality of stacked layers upon a clamp actuation; and the lid top and base plates have complimentary relief and recess features configured to provide a uniform force distribution over the plurality of stacked layers and provide a fluid seal with the clamp actuation.
2. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of stacked layers comprise
a microbial cell culture compartment layer;
an animal cell culture compartment layer, wherein the animal cell culture compartment layer is optionally for culturing human epithelial cells;
wherein a nanoporous membrane separates the microbial cell culture compartment layer from the animal cell culture compartment layer; and
a perfusion microchamber compartment layer, wherein a microporous membrane separates the perfusion microchamber from the animal cell culture component layer;
wherein the lid and/or base plate have one or more connectors to facilitate access by one or more sensors to the microbial and/or animal cell culture compartment layers.
3. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the pump comprises a flow-rate controllable pump, wherein an output from the one or more sensors is used to control a fluid flow rate or pressure from the pump; the cell culture system further comprising a plurality of independently controllable pumps having controlled flow rates of between 1 μL/min to 1 mL/min.
4. The cell culture system of claim 3 , wherein an animal cell compartment pump provides animal cell culture medium to the animal cell compartment and a bacterial cell compartment pump provides bacterial cell culture medium to the bacterial cell compartment.
5. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is selected from the group consisting of:
a flow sensor;
a temperature sensor;
a gas sensor;
a pH sensor;
a chemical sensor;
an electrical sensor (electrode);
an optical sensor;
a relative humidity sensor; and
an electromagnetic sensor.
6. The cell culture system of claim 5 , comprising a plurality of sensors to measure a plurality of cell culture parameters, wherein the cell culture parameters are selected from the group consisting of one or more of:
flow rate;
temperature;
gas level;
pH level;
chemical level;
electric potential, including a transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER);
optical intensity;
relative humidity;
pressure; and
viscosity.
7. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is positioned to have direct access to a middle channel of the bioreactor.
8. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to provide automated and/or remote control of the cell culture system.
9. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more actuators in electronic communication with the controller is selected from the group consisting of a heater, an optical light source, a fluid control element, a RF communication component, and a positioning device.
10. The cell culture system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is part of a computer, and output from the one or more sensors are displayed and/or electronically stored.
11. The cell culture system of claim 10 , comprising at least four separate bioreactors having independently controllable pumps controlled by the controller.
12. The cell culture system of claim 1 , further comprising an incubator having an incubation volume, wherein the bioreactor has a size and geometric shape to fit within the incubation volume.
13. The cell culture system of claim 1 , further comprising a first electrode inlaid in the lid and a second electrode in the base plate for continuous monitoring of an electrical resistance in the bioreactor.
14. The cell culture system of claim 1 , the gas exchanger further comprising:
a holder configured to hold a gas permeable tube in a reeled-up geometry, wherein the gas permeable tube is connected to the bioreactor fluid port; and
a gas chamber having an enclosure, wherein the holder is positioned in the enclosure to thereby provide a controlled gas exchange between the gas chamber and a lumen of the gas permeable tube.
15. A method of co-culturing a plurality of distinct cell types, the method comprising the steps of:
providing the cell culture system of claim 1 ;
establishing a first cell culture in a first cell culture compartment;
establishing a second cell culture in a second cell culture compartment, wherein the first cell culture and the second cell culture comprise different cell types;
activating the pump to force fluid medium through the fluid compartments at a first fluid flow rate in the first fluid compartment and a second fluid flow rate in the second fluid compartment;
monitoring a cell culture parameter in each of the first cell culture compartment and the second cell culture compartment with one or more sensors in each of the cell culture compartments;
adjusting the first and/or the second fluid flow rates and/or cell culture gas inflow to maintain the cell culture parameter in each of the first cell culture compartment and the second cell culture compartment;
thereby co-culturing the plurality of distinct cell types.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first cell type comprises an animal cell and the second cell type comprises bacteria.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the activating, monitoring and adjusting steps are automatically controlled by a controller receiving output signals from the sensors, wherein the co-culturing occurs for a time period of at least three days without active intervention.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the cell culture gas inflow comprises passing culture gas through the gas exchanger.
19. The cell culture of claim 1 , further comprising a top inlaid electrode on a top surface of the middle cell culture compartment and a bottom inlaid electrode on a bottom surface of the middle cell culture compartment for continuous monitoring of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and characterization of oxygen permeation and hypoxia.
20. The cell culture of claim 1 , wherein the lid and the base plate are formed from a plastic such as polycarbonate.