High performance and recyclable thermoset ink for 3D or 4D printing
A UV-curable and recyclable thermoset shape memory polymer is provided. The polymer includes a vitrimer-based monomer and a photoinitiator. The vitrimer-based monomer includes a first unit rendering a high chain stiffness upon polymerization of the monomer, and a second photopolymerizable unit for photopolymerization of the monomer under a UV irradiation. The polymer has high strength, high stiffness, high recovery stress, high energy storage, reasonable recycling efficiency, and is printable using SLA with high resolution.
1. A UV-curable and recyclable thermoset shape memory polymer comprising:
a vitrimer-based monomer;
a fast-curing polymer concrete with transparent glass as aggregates; and
a photoinitiator
wherein the vitrimer-based monomer comprises a first unit rendering a high chain stiffness upon polymerization of the monomer; and a second unit comprising a photopolymerizable unit for photopolymerization of the monomer under a UV irradiation.
2. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the first unit rendering a high chain stiffness comprises a bisphenol A unit.
3. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the photopolymerizable unit comprises an acrylate, a methacrylate, epoxide, thiol, thiol and alkene, thiol and alkyne, thiol and acrylate/methacrylate.
4. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the vitrimer-based monomer is a bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BPAGMA) monomer.
5. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the photoinitiator comprises 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone.
6. The polymer of claim 5 , wherein the 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone is present in the polymer in an amount of about 3 wt %.
7. The polymer of claim 4 , wherein the photoinitiator comprises 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one.
8. The polymer of claim 7 , wherein the 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one is present in the polymer in an amount of about 3.5 wt %.
9. The polymer of claim 8 , further comprising Bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide.
10. The polymer of claim 9 , wherein the Bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide is present in the polymer in an amount of about 1.5 wt %.
11. The polymer of claim 1 , further comprising triethylamine.
12. The polymer of claim 11 , wherein the triethylamine is present in the polymer in an amount of about 0.5 wt %.
13. The polymer of claim 11 , wherein the trimethylamine can be removed.
14. The polymer of claim 1 , further comprising isopropanol.
15. The polymer of claim 14 , wherein the isopropanol is present in the polymer in an amount of about 18 wt %.
16. The polymer of claim 14 , wherein the isopropanol is replaced by 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate of 20% by weight.
17. The polymer of claim 9 , wherein the Bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide is present in the polymer in an amount of about 1 wt %.
18. The polymer of claim 14 , wherein the isopropanol is present in the polymer in an amount of about 25 wt %.
19. The polymer of claim 14 , wherein the isopropanol is replaced by 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate of 20% by weight.
20. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the UV irradiation cures the polymer from about several tenths seconds to about several tens of seconds.
21. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the UV irradiation has a power density of about 61 mW·cm −2 .
22. The polymer of claim 1 , the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, presents a tensile strength of about 36.7 MPa to about 62 MPa, an ultimate tensile strain of about 5% to about 8%, a compressive strength of about 190 MPa to about 230 MPa, and a storage shear modulus of about 1,460 MPa to about 3,000 MPa at about room temperature.
23. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, presents a compressive strength of about 187 MPa at about 120° C.
24. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, presents more than 60% recycling efficiency for two recycling cycles.
25. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, can be recycled by various single or multiple or a mixture of solvents, and the oligomers recycled can be reused for 3D printing, making the polymer printable more than one time.
26. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, presents a shape recovery stress up to about 13.4 MPa with about 1.05 MJ·m −3 energy output in rubbery state.
27. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymer, upon photopolymerization under the UV irradiation, presents a tensile strength ranging from about 15 MPa to about 80 MPa, a compressive strength ranging from about 100 MPa to about 400 MPa, and a modulus ranging from about 1000 MPa to about 5000 MPa, at about room temperature.
28. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the glass is recycled waste glass.
29. A construction material formed from the polymer of claim 1 .