Carbon nanotube sensors, articles, and methods
Sensors that include carbon nanotubes, and articles that include the sensors. The sensors may include a buckypaper. The sensors may be flexible. Methods of making sensors, which may include printing an electrode on a substrate. The printing of an electrode may be achieved with an inkjet printer.
1. A sensor comprising:
a flexible substrate having a first surface and a second surface;
an electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate, the electrode comprising a first contact and a second contact; and
a buckypaper having (i) a first portion that contacts the first contact of the electrode, and (ii) a second portion that contacts the second contact of the electrode;
wherein no other electrode physically contacts the buckypaper.
2. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a laminating film disposed on at least a portion of (i) the first surface of the substrate, (ii) the second surface of the substrate, or (iii) both the first surface of the substrate and the second surface of the substrate.
3. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the buckypaper has a length of about 10 mm to about 30 mm, and a width of about 1 mm to about 7 mm.
4. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the buckypaper has a thickness of about 0.003 mm to about 0.009 mm.
5. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the buckypaper has a length of about 15 mm to about 25 mm, a width of about 3 mm to about 5 mm, and a thickness of about 0.004 mm to about 0.008 mm.
6. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to detect strains of about 0.005% to about 0.025% within a 10 ms period.
7. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to maintain substantially the same gauge factor for at least 10,000 cycles, at 1 Hz, of strain.
8. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein sensor is configured to have a piezoresistive response that (i) is substantially null when the sensor is at rest, (ii) substantially linearly increases as a function of strain, or (iii) a combination thereof.
9. An article comprising the sensor of claim 1 .
10. The article of claim 9 , wherein the article is a wearable article.
11. The article of claim 10 , wherein the wearable article comprises clothing.
12. A method of forming a sensor, the method comprising:
providing an electrode disposed on a substrate, wherein the electrode comprises a first contact and a second contact;
providing a buckypaper having a first portion and a second portion; and
arranging the buckypaper such that the first portion of the buckypaper contacts the first contact of the electrode, the second portion of the buckypaper contacts the second contact of the electrode to form the sensor, and the buckypaper does not physically contact any other electrode.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the providing of the electrode comprises:
disposing an ink on the substrate to form the electrode, wherein the ink comprises (i) a liquid and conductive metal particles, or (ii) a molten metal.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the conductive metal particles are present in the ink at an amount of about 10% to about 40% by weight, based on the weight of the ink.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the disposing of the ink on the substrate comprises printing the ink on the substrate with a printer.
16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising laminating at least a portion of the sensor.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the providing of the buckypaper comprises:
providing a suspension comprising carbon nanomaterials and a non-solvent liquid; and
filtering the suspension to form the buckypaper.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the method further comprises annealing the buckypaper.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the carbon nanomaterials have a width of about 4 μm to about 8 μm and a thickness of about 6 μm.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the carbon nanomaterials have an electrical conductivity of about 180 S/cm to about 220 S/cm.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the carbon nanomaterials have an elastic modulus of about 2.5 GPa to about 3.5 GPa.