High-strength single-crystal like nanotwinned nickel coatings and methods of making the same
A high-strength coatings and methods of fabrication to yield single-crystal-like nickel containing nanotwins and stacking faults.
1. A nickel coating on a substrate, the coating comprising single-crystal nickel containing nanotwins and stacking faults, the single-crystal nickel being grain boundary-free and having stepped twin boundaries.
2. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the spacing of the nanotwins is in the range of about 5 to about 40 nm.
3. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the boundaries between the nanotwins are substantially parallel to the substrate-coating interface.
4. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the boundaries between the nanotwins are at an inclination to the substrate-coating interface.
5. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a metallic material.
6. The nickel coating of claim 5 , wherein the metallic material is single-crystal copper.
7. The nickel coating of claim 6 , wherein the single-crystal copper has a (111) orientation.
8. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the yield stress of the coating is in the range of about 1.0 to about 2.0 GPa.
9. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the flow stress of the coating is in the range of about 1.5 to about 2.5 GPa.
10. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the coating is in the range of about 100 nm to about 50 micrometers.
11. The nickel coating of claim 1 , wherein the coating is a component of an integrated circuit, a semi-conductive integrated circuit, or a micro/nanoelectromechanical system.