Ink film constructions
An ink film construction consisting: (a) a printing substrate; and (b) at least one ink film, fixedly adhered to a top surface of the printing substrate, the ink film having an upper film surface distal to the top surface of the substrate, wherein a surface concentration of nitrogen at the upper film surface exceeds a bulk concentration of nitrogen within the film, the bulk concentration measured at a depth of at least 30 nanometers below the upper film surface, and wherein a ratio of the surface concentration to the bulk concentration is at least 1.1 to 1.
1. A printing system for printing upon fibrous substrate, the fibrous substrate selected from the group consisting of an uncoated fibrous printing substrate and a commodity coated fibrous printing substrate, the printing system comprising:
a. an intermediate transfer member (ITM) having a silicone release layer;
b. a quantity of a water-based ink formulation comprising (i) a solvent containing water and, optionally, a co-solvent, said water constituting at least 8 wt. % of the formulation; (ii) at least one colorant dispersed or at least partly dissolved within said solvent, said colorant constituting at least 1 wt. % of the formulation; and (iii) an organic polymeric resin having an average molecular weight of at least 8,000 which is dispersed or at least partially dissolved within said solvent, the resin constituting 6 to 40 wt. % of the formulation, the ink formulation providing at least one of a first ink-formulation feature and a second ink-formulation feature,
c. ink-jet printing heads configured to deposit liquid droplets of the water-based ink formulation onto the ITM release layer; and
d. an impression station configured to transfer, from the ITM release layer and to the fibrous substrate, a residue film that is formed by drying of the liquid droplets, wherein the printing system is configured such that the transfer of the residue film to the fibrous substrate produces an ink dot construction comprising a plurality of ink dots that are disposed on the fibrous printing substrate so as to provide all of a first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth ink-dot-construction features:
i. according to the first ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality is fixedly adhered to a top substrate surface of the fibrous printing substrate;
ii. according to the second ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality contains at least one colorant dispersed in an organic polymeric resin;
iii. according to the third ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality covers a continuous area of said top substrate surface;
iv. according to the fourth ink-dot-construction feature, each ink of the plurality is disposed entirely above said continuous area, such that a projected perpendicular line, extending down towards said top substrate surface, first meets said ink dot, before meeting said top substrate surface, at every point in said continuous area;
v. according to the fifth ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality has a diameter of 15 to 300 micrometers;
vi. according to the sixth ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality is characterized by a dimensionless aspect ratio (R aspect ) defined by:
R asect =D dot /H dot
wherein D dot is said diameter; and H dot is said average thickness; and said aspect ratio is at least 50; and
vii. according to the seventh ink-dot-construction feature, each ink dot of the plurality has an average or characteristic thickness of at most 1,800 nm,
wherein according to the first ink-formulation feature the ink formulation is characterized in that the weight ratio of the resin to the colorant is at least 1.5:1, and according to the second ink-formulation feature the ink formulation has at least one of:
A. a viscosity of at least 2 and at most 25 cP for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.; and
B. a surface tension of not more than 50 milliNewton/m for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the ink formulation provides at least the first ink-formulation feature.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the ink formulation provides at least the second ink-formulation feature.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein the viscosity of the ink formulation is between at least 2 and at most 25 cP for the at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the surface tension of the ink formulation is not more than 50 milliNewton/m for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
6. The system of claim 3 wherein the surface tension of the ink formulation is not more than 50 milliNewton/m for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the ink formulation provides at least the second ink-formulation feature.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein the viscosity of the ink formulation is between at least 2 and at most 25 cP for the at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein the surface tension of the ink formulation is not more than 50 milliNewton/m for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
10. The system of claim 7 wherein the surface tension of the ink formulation is not more than 50 milliNewton/m for at least one temperature in the range of 20-60° C.
11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a quantity of an aqueous solution or dispersion of a polymeric chemical agent which reduces the hydrophobic effect of the silicone release layer of the ITM, the chemical agent having at least one of (a) a positive charge density of at least 3 meq/g of chemical agent and an average molecular weight of at least 5,000, (b) a positive charge density of at least 6 meq/g of chemical agent and an average molecular weight of at least 1,000, (c) a nitrogen content of at least 1 wt. % and an average molecular weight of at least 50,000, and (d) a nitrogen content of at least 18 wt. % and an average molecular weight of at least 10,000,
wherein the system is configured to apply the aqueous solution or dispersion of the polymeric chemical agent before the depositing of the liquid droplets of the water-based ink formulation onto the ITM release layer by the ink-jet printing heads.
12. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a quantity of an aqueous solution or dispersion of a polymeric chemical agent which reduces the hydrophobic effect of the silicone release layer of the ITM, the chemical agent having at least one of (a) a positive charge density of at least 3 meq/g of chemical agent and an average molecular weight of at least 5,000, (b) a positive charge density of at least 6 meq/g of chemical agent and an average molecular weight of at least 1,000, (c) a nitrogen content of at least 1 wt. % and an average molecular weight of at least 50,000, and (d) a nitrogen content of at least 18 wt. % and an average molecular weight of at least 10,000,
wherein the system is configured to pre-coat the ITM release layer, before the depositing of the liquid droplets of the water-based ink formulation onto the ITM release surface by the ink-jet printing heads by the following steps:
I. applying the aqueous solution or dispersion of the polymeric chemical agent; and
II. removing the aqueous solvent of said chemical agent to yield a coating on the release layer of the ITM,
and wherein the ink-jet printing heads are configured to deposit the liquid droplets of the water-based ink formulation onto the pre-coated ITM release layer.
13. The system of claim 12 , configured to pre-coat the IMT release layer such that a thickness of coating formed by the pre-coating is not more than 300 nm.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the ratio of charges in the ink droplets to the charges in the chemical agent in the region covered by said ink droplets is at least 2:1.
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the charge density of the chemical agent is at least 6 meq/g.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein said colorant comprises a pigment or mixture of pigment, at least one said pigment having an average particle size (D 50 ) in the range of from 20 to 120 nm inclusive.
17. The system of claim 1 wherein the ink is such that, when substantially dried, (a) at at least one temperature in the range of 90° C. to 195° C., the dried ink has a first dynamic viscosity in the range of 1,000,000 (1×10 6 ) cP to 300,000,000 (3×10 8 ) cP, and (b) at at least one temperature in the range of 50° C. to 85° C., the dried ink has a second dynamic viscosity of at least 80,000,000 (8×10 7 ) cP, wherein the second dynamic viscosity exceeds the first dynamic viscosity.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric resin is an acrylic-based polymer selected from an acrylic polymer and an acrylic-styrene copolymer.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ink formulation, when substantially dried, has a T g of at most 50° C.
20. The system of claim 1 , configured to produce the ink dot construction such that at least a portion of said plurality of ink dots constitutes an ink dot set contained within a square geometric projection projecting on said first printing substrate, said ink dot set containing at least 10 distinct ink dots, fixedly adhered to a surface of said first printing substrate, all said ink dots within said square geometric projection being counted as individual members of said set, each of said ink dots containing at least one colorant dispersed in an organic polymeric resin, each of said dots having an average thickness of less than 2,000 nm, and a diameter of 5 to 300 micrometers;
each ink dot of said ink dots having a generally convex shape in which a deviation from convexity, (DC dot ), is defined by:
DC dot =1− AA/CSA,
AA being a calculated projected area of said dot, said area disposed generally parallel to said first fibrous printing substrate; and
CSA being a surface area of a convex shape that minimally bounds a contour of said projected area;
wherein a mean deviation from convexity (DC dot mean ) of said ink dot set is at most 0.05.